RESOURCE: MALAY WORLD
16 SEPTEMBER 2023
The modern Malay language is one of the major languages of the world.⁽¹⁾ It is an important language, not only spoken natively in the Malay areas of Southeast Asia, but also serves as a national language in four countries: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. ⁽²⁾
Malay originated from the ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ-๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ง languages that arrived together with the Austronesian expansions into Southeast Asia from 2000 B.C.⁽³⁾ By the early Millenium CE, Malayic tribes established settlements in coastal areas of Mainland Southeast Asia and the outlying Islands. ⁽³⁾
Based on the re-construction of Proto-Chamic, structural similarities between ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ-๐๐ก๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ and ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ๐ข๐ languages are particularly clear in their phonologies. ⁽⁴⁾ This is based on the discovery of ฤ๐จ̂๐ง๐ ๐๐̂๐ง ๐๐ก๐̂๐ฎ inscription from the 4th century CE. Linguists speculate a ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ๐ข๐-๐๐ก๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ dialect continuum in Mainland Southeast Asia before it was disrupted by the southward expansion of Khmer and later Thai, beginning from the 6th century. ⁽⁴⁾
Regional varieties of Malayic languages developed separately from here on, producing variants like the Old Malay, Classical Malay, and other local dialects. ⁽⁵⁾ The ๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ, characterized by heavy influence of Indian languages, is most associated with stone inscriptions of Srivijaya. The oldest of these inscriptions was from the 7th century. The ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ on the other hand, was largely influenced by the Middle Eastern languages after Islamization, of which the oldest inscription was from the Terengganu Inscription dated 1303. The precise relationship between Classical Malay and Old Malay is problematic and uncertain, ⁽⁶⁾ due to the existence of several morphological and syntactic peculiarities, and affixes of the Old Malay that are familiar from the related Batak language but are not found in the oldest texts of Classical Malay. ⁽⁵⁾ It may be the case that the language termed as “๐๐ฅ๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ” ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐จ๐ฌ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง, ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ. ⁽⁵⁾
The Classical Malay that was developed from the local languages in the ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐, became an important literary language beginning from the era of ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ค๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐ in the 15th century. ⁽⁷⁾The flowering of Classical Malay literature in the Malay peninsula that continued under ๐๐จ๐ก๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐ until 19th century, had produced thousands of literary works that enrich the development of Malay language. The language became an aspect of the prestige of the Malay sultanates and considered as a language of the learned in Southeast Asia in 17th and 18th century comments. ⁽⁸⁾ Throughout the centuries, it spread to the whole Southeast Asia through trade, Islamic proliferation, Malay diaspora, and colonization, and progressively became the ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ of the region. ⁽⁹⁾
The Malay language evolved into a modern language through the literary works of ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐๐ก ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐ฌ๐ก๐ข (1796–1854), a Malacca-born Munshi of Singapore, highly regarded as the father of modern Malay literature. ⁽¹⁰⁾ During the first ๐๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฌ ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐ of Indonesia held in 1926, in the ๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐๐ก ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐, Malay was proclaimed as the ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ง๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ฌ๐ข๐.⁽¹¹⁾⁽¹²⁾ The language was later renamed "๐๐ง๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ง" during the second congress in 1928. ⁽¹¹⁾⁽¹²⁾
๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Collins (1998), p. 80
⁽²⁾ Collins (1998), p. 82
⁽³⁾ Andaya (2001), p. 317
⁽⁴⁾ Adelaar (2004), p. 12
⁽⁵⁾ Teeuw (1959), p. 141-143
⁽⁶⁾ Adelaar (1985), p. 191
⁽⁷⁾ Sneddon (2003), p. 74-77
⁽⁸⁾ Milner (2010), p. 81
⁽⁹⁾ Sneddon (2003), p. 59
⁽¹⁰⁾ Brakel (1976), p. 142
⁽¹¹⁾ Fishman (2011), p. 137
⁽¹²⁾ Schieffelin, Woolard, Kroskrity (1998), p. 273
๐๐ข๐๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
- Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001), "๐โ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐โ ๐๐๐ ๐กโ๐ '๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ' ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ข" (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32 (3): 315–330, doi:10.1017/s0022463401000169, S2CID 62886471
- Adelaar, K. A. (2004). ๐โ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐? ๐๐ค๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ฆ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐ก โ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ . Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 160(1), 1–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868100
- Sneddon, J. N. (2003). ๐โ๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ : ๐๐ก๐ โ๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ. Sydney : University of New South Wales Press. ISBN:978-0868405988
- Teeuw, A. (1959). ๐โ๐ ๐ป๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐. ๐ด ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐ ๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ฆ. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 115(2), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002240
- Brakel, L. F. (1976). ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐ข๐โ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐. ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ ๐ก๐ข๐๐๐๐ . Abt. 3, South-East Asia. Bd. 3. Abschnitt 1. Germany: Brill.
- Collins, James T (1998), ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ, ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐: ๐ด ๐โ๐๐๐ก ๐ป๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, ISBN 978-979-461-537-9
- Adelaar, K.A. (1985) ๐๐๐๐ก๐-๐๐๐๐๐ฆ, ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ก๐ ๐โ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ, PhD thesis, Leiden University [rev. ed. 1992, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics].
- Milner, Anthony (2010), ๐โ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ (๐โ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐กโ-๐ธ๐๐ ๐ก ๐ด๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4443-3903-1
- Schieffelin, Bambi B.; Woolard, Kathryn Ann; Kroskrity, Paul V. (1998). ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ : ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐โ๐๐๐๐ฆ. (1998). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195105629
- Fishman, Joshua A. (2011) ๐โ๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐: "๐โ๐ ๐น๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ " ๐โ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐. Germany: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110848984
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