Tuesday, 6 February 2024

๐‡๐ˆ๐’๐“๐Ž๐‘๐˜ ๐Ž๐… ๐Œ๐€๐‹๐€๐˜ ๐‹๐€๐๐†๐”๐€๐†๐„

RESOURCE: MALAY WORLD
16 SEPTEMBER 2023

The modern Malay language is one of the major languages of the world.⁽¹⁾ It is an important language, not only spoken natively in the Malay areas of Southeast Asia, but also serves as a national language in four countries: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. ⁽²⁾
Malay originated from the ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ-๐€๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐š๐ง languages that arrived together with the Austronesian expansions into Southeast Asia from 2000 B.C.⁽³⁾ By the early Millenium CE, Malayic tribes established settlements in coastal areas of Mainland Southeast Asia and the outlying Islands. ⁽³⁾
Based on the re-construction of Proto-Chamic, structural similarities between ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ-๐‚๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ and ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ๐ข๐œ languages are particularly clear in their phonologies. ⁽⁴⁾ This is based on the discovery of ฤ๐จ̂๐ง๐  ๐˜๐ž̂๐ง ๐‚๐ก๐š̂๐ฎ inscription from the 4th century CE. Linguists speculate a ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ๐ข๐œ-๐‚๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ dialect continuum in Mainland Southeast Asia before it was disrupted by the southward expansion of Khmer and later Thai, beginning from the 6th century. ⁽⁴⁾
Regional varieties of Malayic languages developed separately from here on, producing variants like the Old Malay, Classical Malay, and other local dialects. ⁽⁵⁾ The ๐Ž๐ฅ๐ ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ, characterized by heavy influence of Indian languages, is most associated with stone inscriptions of Srivijaya. The oldest of these inscriptions was from the 7th century. The ๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ on the other hand, was largely influenced by the Middle Eastern languages after Islamization, of which the oldest inscription was from the Terengganu Inscription dated 1303. The precise relationship between Classical Malay and Old Malay is problematic and uncertain, ⁽⁶⁾ due to the existence of several morphological and syntactic peculiarities, and affixes of the Old Malay that are familiar from the related Batak language but are not found in the oldest texts of Classical Malay. ⁽⁵⁾ It may be the case that the language termed as “๐Ž๐ฅ๐ ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ” ๐ข๐ฌ ๐š ๐œ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง, ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐š๐ง ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ. ⁽⁵⁾
The Classical Malay that was developed from the local languages in the ๐Œ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐ž๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š, became an important literary language beginning from the era of ๐Œ๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ค๐š ๐’๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ž in the 15th century. ⁽⁷⁾The flowering of Classical Malay literature in the Malay peninsula that continued under ๐‰๐จ๐ก๐จ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ž until 19th century, had produced thousands of literary works that enrich the development of Malay language. The language became an aspect of the prestige of the Malay sultanates and considered as a language of the learned in Southeast Asia in 17th and 18th century comments. ⁽⁸⁾ Throughout the centuries, it spread to the whole Southeast Asia through trade, Islamic proliferation, Malay diaspora, and colonization, and progressively became the ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐š ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐œ๐š of the region. ⁽⁹⁾
The Malay language evolved into a modern language through the literary works of ๐€๐›๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ง๐ฌ๐ก๐ข (1796–1854), a Malacca-born Munshi of Singapore, highly regarded as the father of modern Malay literature. ⁽¹⁰⁾ During the first ๐Š๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐š of Indonesia held in 1926, in the ๐’๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ก ๐๐ž๐ฆ๐ฎ๐๐š, Malay was proclaimed as the ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐Ÿ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ˆ๐ง๐๐จ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐š.⁽¹¹⁾⁽¹²⁾ The language was later renamed "๐ˆ๐ง๐๐จ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐š๐ง" during the second congress in 1928. ⁽¹¹⁾⁽¹²⁾
๐‘๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Collins (1998), p. 80
⁽²⁾ Collins (1998), p. 82
⁽³⁾ Andaya (2001), p. 317
⁽⁴⁾ Adelaar (2004), p. 12
⁽⁵⁾ Teeuw (1959), p. 141-143
⁽⁶⁾ Adelaar (1985), p. 191
⁽⁷⁾ Sneddon (2003), p. 74-77
⁽⁸⁾ Milner (2010), p. 81
⁽⁹⁾ Sneddon (2003), p. 59
⁽¹⁰⁾ Brakel (1976), p. 142
⁽¹¹⁾ Fishman (2011), p. 137
⁽¹²⁾ Schieffelin, Woolard, Kroskrity (1998), p. 273
๐๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
  1. Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001), "๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘†๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘โ„Ž ๐‘“๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ '๐‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘”๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ ' ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘€๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ข" (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32 (3): 315–330, doi:10.1017/s0022463401000169, S2CID 62886471
  2. Adelaar, K. A. (2004). ๐‘Šโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘œ๐‘’๐‘  ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘“๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘š? ๐‘‡๐‘ค๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘ฆ ๐‘ฆ๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘  ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘ก โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘, ๐‘š๐‘–๐‘”๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘  ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘“๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ . Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 160(1), 1–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868100
  3. Sneddon, J. N. (2003). ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘› ๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ : ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘  โ„Ž๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘› ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘–๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘ฆ. Sydney : University of New South Wales Press. ISBN:978-0868405988
  4. Teeuw, A. (1959). ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐ป๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ ๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’. ๐ด ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘™๐‘–๐‘š๐‘–๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘’๐‘ฆ. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 115(2), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002240
  5. Brakel, L. F. (1976). ๐ป๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘๐‘ข๐‘โ„Ž ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘˜. ๐ป๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘œ๐‘˜ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘’๐‘ . Abt. 3, South-East Asia. Bd. 3. Abschnitt 1. Germany: Brill.
  6. Collins, James T (1998), ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ, ๐‘Š๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘™๐‘‘ ๐ฟ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’: ๐ด ๐‘†โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก ๐ป๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, ISBN 978-979-461-537-9
  7. Adelaar, K.A. (1985) ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘œ-๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘  ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘”๐‘ฆ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘  ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘ฅ๐‘–๐‘๐‘œ๐‘› ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘”๐‘ฆ, PhD thesis, Leiden University [rev. ed. 1992, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics].
  8. Milner, Anthony (2010), ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘  (๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘ƒ๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘๐‘™๐‘’๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘†๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘กโ„Ž-๐ธ๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐ด๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘–๐‘“๐‘–๐‘), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4443-3903-1
  9. Schieffelin, Bambi B.; Woolard, Kathryn Ann; Kroskrity, Paul V. (1998). ๐ฟ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐ผ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘”๐‘–๐‘’๐‘ : ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ. (1998). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195105629
  10. Fishman, Joshua A. (2011) ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐ธ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘™๐‘–๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐‘†๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐ฟ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘’ ๐‘ƒ๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘›๐‘–๐‘›๐‘”: "๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐น๐‘–๐‘Ÿ๐‘ ๐‘ก ๐ถ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘”๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ " ๐‘ƒโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘œ๐‘›. Germany: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110848984

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