Resource: ASEAN Culture of History with Malay World
The oldest literary record of the word 'Melayu' can be found in the work of ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐ฒ (100-170 CE), a Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who lived in the city of Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.โฝยนโพ
In about 150 CE, he wrote his most well-known work, ๐บ๐๐ฬ๐๐๐๐โ๐๐๐ฬฬ ๐ป๐ฆ๐โ๐ฬฬ๐๐ฬ๐ ๐๐ (ฮฮตฯฮณฯฮฑฯฮนฮบแฝด แฝฯฮฎฮณฮทฯฮนฯ) literally "Geographical Guidance", also known by its Latin name ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ๐๐, a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐๐ง ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐. The work was a revision of a now-lost atlas by ๐๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ซ๐ using additional Roman and Persian gazetteers and new principles.โฝยฒโพ
The work is divided into eight books with twenty six maps. Of the books, the first form an introduction, the eighth, a summary description of the maps, the second and third are devoted to Europe, the fourth to Africa, and the fifth, sixth and seventh to Asia.โฝยณโพ The second until seventh books contain his systematic tabular location of places and features in terms of latitude and longitude for all countries.โฝโดโพ
The seventh book, deals with a land called ๐ถโ๐๐ฆ๐ ๐ฬฬ ๐ถโ๐๐๐ ๐ฬ๐๐ฬ๐ ๐๐ (ฮงฯฯ
ฯแฟ ฮงฮตฯฯฯฮฝฮทฯฮฟฯ) or in Latin ๐ด๐ข๐๐๐ ๐ถโ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ (the golden peninsula). Ptolemy mentioned ฮฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฯ
ฮฯฮปฮฟฮฝ, variously transliterated as ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐พ๐๐๐๐, referring to a toponym for a cape, located on the Malay peninsula.โฝโตโพ The word ๐๐๐๐๐ (ฮฯฮปฮฟฮฝ) is an Ancient Greek noun, meaning 'limb', 'arm' or 'a part of something',โฝโถโพ therefore 'Meleou-Kolon' may carry the meaning 'part of Meleou', and can be interpreted as a 'territory of Meleou' (Territory of Melayu).โฝโทโพ Based on the mathematical correction on the geographic coordinates as provided by Ptolemy, scholars identified three possible locations of ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข-๐พ๐๐๐๐, all located on the east coast of Malay Peninsula.โฝโธโพ
Tanjong Gelang, Kuantan, Pahang - G.E Gerini (1909)โฝโธโพ
Tanjong Penyabong, Mersing, Johor - A. Berthelot (1930) & R. Braddell (1951)โฝโธโพ
Tanjong Tenggaroh, Mersing, Johor - F.W Douglas (1949)โฝโธโพ
๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฌ
โฝยนโพ Heath, Sir Thomas (1921), pp. vii, 273
โฝยฒโพ Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000)
โฝยณโพ Braddell, R. (1936), p. 12
โฝโดโพ Linehan (1951), p. 85
โฝโตโพ Linehan (1951), p. 87
โฝโถโพ Liddell & Scott (1940)
โฝโทโพ Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), p. 2
โฝโธโพ Linehan (1951), p. 86
๐๐ข๐๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
Linehan, W. (1951). The Identifications of some of Ptolemyโs Place-Names in the Golden Khersonese. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24(3 (156)), 86โ98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41503002
Braddell, R. (1936). An Introduction To The Study of Ancient Times in The Malay Peninsula and The Straits of Malacca. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14(3 (126)), 10โ71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41559854
โฮบแฟถฮปฮฟฮฝโ, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A GreekโEnglish Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Heath, Sir Thomas (1921). A History of Greek Mathematics
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000), Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09259-1.
Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), Melayu Mahawangsa: Tanah Air, Sejarah, Kerajaan dan Peradabannya. Penerbit USM. ISBN: 9789674616953
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