Monday 5 February 2024

๐“๐‡๐„ ๐Ž๐‹๐ƒ๐„๐’๐“ ๐‘๐„๐‚๐Ž๐‘๐ƒ ๐Ž๐… ๐“๐‡๐„ ๐–๐Ž๐‘๐ƒ "๐Œ๐€๐‹๐€๐˜"

Resource: ASEAN Culture of History with Malay World

The oldest literary record of the word 'Melayu' can be found in the work of ๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฒ (100-170 CE), a Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who lived in the city of Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.⁽¹⁾
In about 150 CE, he wrote his most well-known work, ๐บ๐‘’๐‘œ̄๐‘”๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘โ„Ž๐‘–๐‘˜๐‘’̄̀ ๐ป๐‘ฆ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘’̄́๐‘”๐‘’̄๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘  (ฮ“ฮตฯ‰ฮณฯฮฑฯ†ฮนฮบแฝด แฝ™ฯ†ฮฎฮณฮทฯƒฮนฯ‚) literally "Geographical Guidance", also known by its Latin name ๐บ๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘”๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘โ„Ž๐‘–๐‘Ž, a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century ๐‘๐จ๐ฆ๐š๐ง ๐„๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐ž. The work was a revision of a now-lost atlas by ๐Œ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐“๐ฒ๐ซ๐ž using additional Roman and Persian gazetteers and new principles.⁽²⁾
The work is divided into eight books with twenty six maps. Of the books, the first form an introduction, the eighth, a summary description of the maps, the second and third are devoted to Europe, the fourth to Africa, and the fifth, sixth and seventh to Asia.⁽³⁾ The second until seventh books contain his systematic tabular location of places and features in terms of latitude and longitude for all countries.⁽⁴⁾
The seventh book, deals with a land called ๐ถโ„Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘’̄́ ๐ถโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ ๐‘œ́๐‘›๐‘’̄๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘  (ฮงฯฯ…ฯƒแฟ† ฮงฮตฯฯƒฯŒฮฝฮทฯƒฮฟฯ‚) or in Latin ๐ด๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘Ž ๐ถโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘  (the golden peninsula). Ptolemy mentioned ฮœฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฯ… ฮšฯŽฮปฮฟฮฝ, variously transliterated as ๐‘€๐‘’๐‘™๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘ข, ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘™๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘ข, ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘ข, ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘ข, ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘ข, ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘’๐‘–-๐พ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘›, referring to a toponym for a cape, located on the Malay peninsula.⁽⁵⁾ The word ๐‘˜๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘› (ฮšฯŽฮปฮฟฮฝ) is an Ancient Greek noun, meaning 'limb', 'arm' or 'a part of something',⁽⁶⁾ therefore 'Meleou-Kolon' may carry the meaning 'part of Meleou', and can be interpreted as a 'territory of Meleou' (Territory of Melayu).⁽⁷⁾ Based on the mathematical correction on the geographic coordinates as provided by Ptolemy, scholars identified three possible locations of ๐‘€๐‘’๐‘™๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘ข-๐พ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘›, all located on the east coast of Malay Peninsula.⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Gelang, Kuantan, Pahang - G.E Gerini (1909)⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Penyabong, Mersing, Johor - A. Berthelot (1930) & R. Braddell (1951)⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Tenggaroh, Mersing, Johor - F.W Douglas (1949)⁽⁸⁾
๐‘๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Heath, Sir Thomas (1921), pp. vii, 273
⁽²⁾ Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000)
⁽³⁾ Braddell, R. (1936), p. 12
⁽⁴⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 85
⁽⁵⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 87
⁽⁶⁾ Liddell & Scott (1940)
⁽⁷⁾ Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), p. 2
⁽⁸⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 86
๐๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
Linehan, W. (1951). The Identifications of some of Ptolemy’s Place-Names in the Golden Khersonese. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24(3 (156)), 86–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41503002
Braddell, R. (1936). An Introduction To The Study of Ancient Times in The Malay Peninsula and The Straits of Malacca. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14(3 (126)), 10–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41559854
“ฮบแฟถฮปฮฟฮฝ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Heath, Sir Thomas (1921). A History of Greek Mathematics
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000), Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09259-1.
Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), Melayu Mahawangsa: Tanah Air, Sejarah, Kerajaan dan Peradabannya. Penerbit USM. ISBN: 9789674616953

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