Resource: ASEAN Culture of History with Malay World
The oldest literary record of the word 'Melayu' can be found in the work of ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ๐ฒ (100-170 CE), a Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who lived in the city of Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.⁽¹⁾
In about 150 CE, he wrote his most well-known work, ๐บ๐๐̄๐๐๐๐โ๐๐๐̄̀ ๐ป๐ฆ๐โ๐̄́๐๐̄๐ ๐๐ (ฮฮตฯฮณฯฮฑฯฮนฮบแฝด แฝฯฮฎฮณฮทฯฮนฯ) literally "Geographical Guidance", also known by its Latin name ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ๐๐, a gazetteer, an atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐๐ง ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐. The work was a revision of a now-lost atlas by ๐๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฒ๐ซ๐ using additional Roman and Persian gazetteers and new principles.⁽²⁾
The work is divided into eight books with twenty six maps. Of the books, the first form an introduction, the eighth, a summary description of the maps, the second and third are devoted to Europe, the fourth to Africa, and the fifth, sixth and seventh to Asia.⁽³⁾ The second until seventh books contain his systematic tabular location of places and features in terms of latitude and longitude for all countries.⁽⁴⁾
The seventh book, deals with a land called ๐ถโ๐๐ฆ๐ ๐̄́ ๐ถโ๐๐๐ ๐́๐๐̄๐ ๐๐ (ฮงฯฯ
ฯแฟ ฮงฮตฯฯฯฮฝฮทฯฮฟฯ) or in Latin ๐ด๐ข๐๐๐ ๐ถโ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ (the golden peninsula). Ptolemy mentioned ฮฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฯ
ฮฯฮปฮฟฮฝ, variously transliterated as ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข, ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐พ๐๐๐๐, referring to a toponym for a cape, located on the Malay peninsula.⁽⁵⁾ The word ๐๐๐๐๐ (ฮฯฮปฮฟฮฝ) is an Ancient Greek noun, meaning 'limb', 'arm' or 'a part of something',⁽⁶⁾ therefore 'Meleou-Kolon' may carry the meaning 'part of Meleou', and can be interpreted as a 'territory of Meleou' (Territory of Melayu).⁽⁷⁾ Based on the mathematical correction on the geographic coordinates as provided by Ptolemy, scholars identified three possible locations of ๐๐๐๐๐๐ข-๐พ๐๐๐๐, all located on the east coast of Malay Peninsula.⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Gelang, Kuantan, Pahang - G.E Gerini (1909)⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Penyabong, Mersing, Johor - A. Berthelot (1930) & R. Braddell (1951)⁽⁸⁾
Tanjong Tenggaroh, Mersing, Johor - F.W Douglas (1949)⁽⁸⁾
๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Heath, Sir Thomas (1921), pp. vii, 273
⁽²⁾ Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000)
⁽³⁾ Braddell, R. (1936), p. 12
⁽⁴⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 85
⁽⁵⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 87
⁽⁶⁾ Liddell & Scott (1940)
⁽⁷⁾ Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), p. 2
⁽⁸⁾ Linehan (1951), p. 86
๐๐ข๐๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
Linehan, W. (1951). The Identifications of some of Ptolemy’s Place-Names in the Golden Khersonese. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24(3 (156)), 86–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41503002
Braddell, R. (1936). An Introduction To The Study of Ancient Times in The Malay Peninsula and The Straits of Malacca. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 14(3 (126)), 10–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41559854
“ฮบแฟถฮปฮฟฮฝ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Heath, Sir Thomas (1921). A History of Greek Mathematics
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Berggren, J. Lennart & Alexander Jones (2000), Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09259-1.
Md Salleh Yaapar , Nasha Rodziadi Khaw (2023), Melayu Mahawangsa: Tanah Air, Sejarah, Kerajaan dan Peradabannya. Penerbit USM. ISBN: 9789674616953
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