Monday, 27 July 2026

LEST WE FORGET : CPOSM ABD KADIR BIN SAID


CPOSM (R) Abd Kadir bin Said
  • Started serving with the Malay Navy in early 1940.
  • Served on the HMS Kudat during World War II.
  • On December 30, 1941, HMS Kudat was attacked by the Japanese military in the Strait of Malacca.
  • ABSM Abd Kadir continued to fight single-handedly, using a Lewis Gun to shoot toward Japanese fighter jets.
  • For his bravery, ABSM Abd Kadir was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) in 1947 by the British Government.
  • He was the first Malay to receive that medal.
  • CPOSM (R) Abdul Kadir Bin Said took his last breath on September 19, 1986, in Singapore.
HMS Kudat was a vessel requisitioned from the Straits Steamship Company by the British Royal Navy for service during World War II. In January 1942, the auxiliary ship was bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft while stationed in Klang Harbour, Malaya.

ROYAL NAVY SHIPS CASUALTIES IN MALAYAN WATERS DURING WW2
During the frantic 1942 Malayan campaign and the subsequent evacuation of Singapore, the British Royal Navy and its local Malayan units suffered severe losses to Japanese air and naval forces: 
  • HMS Kelana : a motor launch vessel attached to the local fleet, bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft in the Enday area, Pahang on 8 December1941. 
  • HMS Prince of Wale & HMS Repulse : Sunk by the Japanese land-based torpedo bombers on 10 December 1941 off Kuantan, Pahang. 
  • HMS Lipis: an Armed Merchant Cruiser ambushed and severely damaged / sunk by Japanese forces early in the campaign on 13 December 1941. 
  • HMS Pelandok: the training facility was heavily bombed by Japanese aircraft in December 1941 and entirely destroyed by January 1942. 
  • HMS Thanet: This WWI-era destroyer was sunk by Japanese gunfire on 27 January 1942 during the fierce Battle off Endau, while attempting to disrupt enemy troop landings off the eastern coast of Malaya. 
  • HMS Laburnum: on 11 February 1942, HMS Laburnum was heavily damaged by enemy fire and subsequently scuttled four days later to prevent it from falling into Japanese hands. 
  • HMS Dragonfly and HMS Grasshopper: were ruthlessly hunted down, bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft on 14 February 1942. 
  • HMS Scorpion: An insect-class gunboat heavily engaged by Japanese surface warships (the light cruiser Yura and destroyers) and blown apart while fleeing Singapore. 
  • HMS Surveyor & HMS Kampar: Auxiliary vessels serving the Royal Navy Malay Section that were targeted and sunk by Japanese forces in January 1942. 
  • HMS Matahari & HMS Larut: Auxiliary ships bombed and sunk by Japanese aircraft around 13 January 1942 off Sabang Island as they withdrew from Malaya. 
  • HMS Dragonfly & HMS Grasshopper: Both river gunboats were struck by Japanese aircraft bombs and sunk on 14 February 1942 while carrying evacuees away from Singapore.
  • HMS Kelana: A motor launch vessel sunk by Japanese air strikes on 16 January 1942. 
  • HMS Pelandok & HMS Laburnum: Auxiliary naval training installations and ships based in Singapore that were destroyed or severely crippled by heavy air raids in early February 1942. 
  • HMS Stratagem : a S-class submarine depth-charged and sunk by a Japanese destroyer on 22 November 1944 off the coast of Malacca, Southwestern Malaya. 
  • HMS Stonehenge: an S-class submarine that went missing and was presumed lost in March 1944 while conducting patrols between the Nicobar Island and the Malacca Straits. 
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
27 July 2026: 12.45 a.m

Sunday, 26 July 2026

LEST WE FORGET : S/LT MOHD ZAIN BIN HUSSAIN


S/Lt Mohd Zain Bin Hussain
  • Joined the Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1940.
  • Served on HMS Pangkor and HMS Matahari during World War II.
  • Joined Force 136 when ships retreated to Colombo due to Japanese Military attacks.
  • Participated in the Victory Parade in London in 1946.
  • Awarded the Member of the Most Excellent of the British Empire (MBE) medal after the war, a prestigious British order of chivalry awarded for outstanding service to the community or meritorious local achievements. 
  • Commissioned as a Sub Lieutenant in 1946, making him the first Malay to receive a commission in the Navy.
  • Formerly served as the Director of Filem Negara and also worked at RISDA.
  • Passed away on March 10, 1978.
FORCE 136
Force 136 was a top-secret Far East branch of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) formed during World War II. Following the fall of Malaya and Singapore to the Japanese in 1942, British personnel retreated to India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to organize clandestine resistance movements.

Key Elements of Force 136 in Malaya
  • The Mission: To infiltrate Japanese-occupied Malaya via submarine and parachute drop. Operatives conducted espionage, gathered intelligence, and executed sabotage behind enemy lines.
  • Local Alliances: Because Caucasian officers could not easily blend in, Force 136 recruited and trained indigenous populations. They formed a strategic alliance with the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), providing them with arms, funds, and military training in exchange for guerrilla manpower.
  • Diverse Units: The Malayan Section consisted of multiple sub-units. While the Chinese section famously included prominent figures like Lim Bo Seng, Force 136 also heavily recruited and utilized Malay and Indian soldiers—such as S/Lt Mohd Zain Bin Hussain—to coordinate regional resistance grids and prepare for the eventual Allied re-occupation.

HMS PANGKOR & HMS MATAHARI
A vital ships manned by the Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (MRNVR) and Allied Forces during WWII in Malaya.
After the Fall of Singapore in 1942, HMS Pangkor successfully evaded Japanese forces and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka). While HMS Matahari together with HMS Larut were heavily attacked and sunk by the Japanese near Sabang Island. The survivors were later rescued by HMS Kedah.


1946 - LONDON VICTORY PARADE
The London Victory Celebrations of 1946 were held on June 8, 1946, to commemorate the Allied victory over Nazi Germany and Japan in World War II. Millions of spectators lined the streets of London to watch a massive military procession salute King George VI and the Royal Family.

The Malayan Contingent
The parade heavily featured colonial forces from across the British Empire, including a dedicated Malayan Contingent. Prior to the parade, the troops were camped at Kensington Gardens, where they were personally inspected by Supreme Allied Commander Lord Louis Mountbatten.

The Royal Malay Navy and volunteer reserve units were represented by handpicked personnel who survived the grueling Pacific campaigns, including Sub-Lieutenant Mohd Zain bin Hussain, Chief Petty Officer Ismail bin Hassan, and Leading Seaman Yaakob bin Hj Ahmad.

Key Highlights of the Parade
  • The Royal Presence: King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and the young Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret took the salute from a special dais built on the Mall.
  • The Marching Column: A massive 21-mile mechanized and marching column wound through the city, passing blitz-damaged areas, Parliament Square, and Trafalgar Square.
  • The Flypast: The grand finale featured a massive aerial parade of 300 fighter jets, bombers, and gliders soaring over Buckingham Palace.
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
26 July 2026: 11.55 p.m

LEST WE FORGET : CPOSM (B) JOHARI BIN MOHD AMIN


CPOSM (B) JOHARI BIN MOHD AMIN
  • Malay Navy No.: 1430
  • Joined the Malay Navy on December 9, 1941.
  • Served aboard the ship HMS Pangkor when war broke out in Malaya.
  • HMS Pangkor retreated to Colombo after being heavily attacked by the Japanese Army.
  • On May 9, 1944, he joined OSS 404 US Army and was involved in Operation Zipper in Malaya.
  • After the war, he served aboard the ship HMS Derby Haven until 1946.
  • He joined the Malayan Naval Force which was established in 1949.
  • In 1963, he was assigned to bring the ship KD Ledang back from England to Malaya.
  • Medals received: Defence Medal, War Medal, Pacific Star, and Naval General Service with Clasp Malaya.
ABOUT OPERATION ZIPPER
Operation Zipper was a massive British military plan during World War II. It aimed to capture Port Swettenham (now Port Klang) or Port Dickson to secure staging airfields. This invasion was intended as the first step to liberate Malaya and recapture Singapore from the Japanese Imperial Army.
Conceived in early 1945 by the Allied South East Asia Command under Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, the operation was scheduled for September 9, 1945. It planned to deploy over 100,000 Commonwealth troops—primarily from Indian divisions alongside British commandos.
However, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to Japan's abrupt surrender on August 15, 1945. Because the war ended weeks before the scheduled assault, the contested invasion was altered. The landings still went ahead on September 9 at beaches like Morib and Port Dickson, but they transitioned into a peaceful, unopposed reoccupation to round up remaining Japanese forces and re-establish administration.

AMERICAN OSS DETACHMENT 404
The specific involvement of American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) units in Japanese-occupied Malaya primarily operated through OSS Detachment 404. This regional headquarters was established in Kandy, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) following a meeting between General William J. Donovan and Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten to run intelligence and paramilitary operations across Southeast Asia.

The creation of OSS Detachment 404 in Kandy, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), which shared a headquarters base with Force 136. Under this command structure:
  • Malaya and Sumatra: Designated as primary British SOE zones. The OSS was permitted to assist or embed small teams (such as the involvement of CPO Johari Bin Mohd Amin's unit in Malaya) but only in direct coordination with Force 136. 
  • Thailand (Siam): Officially fell under SEAC, but became a hotly contested ground. Because the U.S. did not recognize the Thai government's declaration of war, the OSS independently backed the Free Thai Movement. This created an overlapping zone where both the OSS and Force 136 ran separate, highly competitive intelligence pipelines into Bangkok. 
  • French Indochina: Nominally split along the 16th parallel. The northern half fell under the China Theater (OSS focus), while the southern half fell under SEAC (SOE/French focus). 
Key Operations & Strategic Involvement
  • Liaison with Force 136: The OSS closely coordinated and integrated with British Special Operations Executive (SOE) units under Force 136. While the British initially tried to limit American unilateral reach in Malaya, they eventually established a joint panel to coordinate plans.
  • Operation CAIRNGORM: In November 1944, a small team of American OSS agents alongside Chinese operatives parachuted into the Malayan jungle. Their mission was to establish communication networks and embed with local anti-Japanese guerillas (mainly the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army, or MPAJA) to gather intelligence and harass Japanese communication lines.
  • Economic Sabotage & Intelligence: OSS Detachment 404 agents infiltrated networks to map Japanese defenses ahead of Operation Zipper. They also engaged in economic warfare; the OSS printed counterfeit Japanese-issued $10 currency notes to fuel hyperinflation and disrupt the occupation economy.
  • Coast-Watching & Maritime Units: The OSS utilized specialized maritime units to set up hidden coastal watching stations. These operatives monitored Japanese naval transit routes through the vital Strait of Malacca, supplying critical targeting telemetry to Allied command centers.
ABOUT HMS PANGKOR
An Auxiliary naval vesel, originally an requisitioned merchant ship converted for military service, that operated as part of the British Royal Navy's local forces defending British Malaya. 
The ship was under the command of Captain T.Sutherland, RNR. The crew was staffed by a mix of British Officers, local volunteers from Malayan Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (MRNVR) and regular sailors of the Malay Navy including CPOSM Johari bin Mohd Amin. 
During World War II, HMS Pangkor was subjected to intense enemy aerial attacks. Instead of being destroyed or captured, the ship successfully evacuated personnel and fled Malaya just before the fall of Singapore. The ship reach Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in early 1942. 

Hj Zulheimy Maamor
26 July 2026: 10.57 p.m

MY NOTEBOOK: ARCHAEOLOGY IN MALAYSIA

Archaeology in Malaysia spans over 1.8 millions years of human prehistory,bridging ancient hominid evolutionary markers, Southeast Asia's oldest civilisations and rich maritime trade networks. 

  • Alastair Lamb: in 1964, Lamb constructed the evolution of maritime trade on the Malay Peninsula. He categorising the early ports into distinct functional heirarchies. 
    • Primary Entreports -Major, large scale international trading hubs such as the Takuapa or Bujang Valleyu. 
    • Subsidiary Entreports - secondary hubs such as Kuala Selinsing in Perak, collect hinterland products, including tin ingots and forest goods. 
  • Australomelanesoid: indigenous people typical of early Southeast Asia and the Pacific. 
  • Avalokitesvara-type statue: was found in Bidor, Perak in 1936. Studies have found that this statue dates back to the Gupta period in India, which existed in the 5th-6th century AD. This proves the existence of the Malay Gangga Negaa Kingdom.  
  • Azie Shipwreck: discovered at Tanjung Tuan, Port Dickson in 1989. The underwater archaeological investigation was carried out by the Department of Museums and Antiquities (JMA). 
  • Buddhagupta Inscription: stone inscription, a 5th century CE Buddhist stone inscription found in the Province Wellesley, Penang, Malaysia in 1834 by Capt. James Low of the East India Company. It is today kept in Indian Museum in Kolkata, India. 
  • Bidong Boat: found by fisherman approximately 2 nautical miles from Pulau Bidong, Terengganu in 2012. 
  • Bot Jenderam: and ancient wooden boat with its paddles/rowers in a tin mine at Kampung Jenderam Hilir, Selangor in 1940, exposed one of the Peninsular Malaysia's most critical open archaeological sites. Later excavations in 1977 confirmed it as a multi-component settlement dating from the late Neolithic era (c.2000 BC) up to the Melaka Sultanate. 
  • Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum
    • home to Southeast Asia's oldest recorded man-made structures.Excavation at Sungai Batu Archaeological Site have revealed a thriving 2,000 year old multicultural port complete with 12 jetties and major iron-smelting factories. 
    • 1938-39: excavation work in Bujang Valley by Dr. H.G. Quaritch Wales and his wife Dorothy, discovered 30 temples of worship.
  • Bukit Bunuh: Lenggong Valley - records the earliest hominid presence thus far known in Southeast Asia at 1.83 million years ago with the discovery of some of the oldest hand axes in the world
  • Bukit Chora : In Yan,Kedah > ongoing archaeological excavations in April 21 and May 21, 2024 led by USM have unveiled the largest, best-preserved Buddhist temple structure in the region. Dating back 1,200 years to the 7th or 8th century CE, this site predates iconic regional landmarks like Ankor Wat and Borodudur. 
  • Bukit Melaka (St.Paul Hill): discovery of the Bastion Hendrica Louisa alignment in June 2025 provides critical physical evidence of the original Kota Melayu Melaka (Melaka Fort). 
  • Bukit Tengkorak: discovery of several skulls at Bukit Tengkorak in Semporna, Sabah in 1994, identified as the largest pottery-making site in Southeast Asia during the Neolithic Age around 3,000 years ago. 
  • Deutro Malay: an Iron Age and Bronze Age people who migrated into the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago around 300 BCE.They are the direct ancestors of today's modern ethnic Malays
  • Dinosaur:
    • 2014 : Spinosaurus dinosaur fossil found in Tasik Bera, Pahang. The first dinosaur fossil found in Malaysia.
    • fossils of Ornithischians type dinosaurs were also found in Pahang.
    • November 2014 - discovery of Iguanodontian (sub-group of Ornithopoda), Theropod and Sauropod fossils in Gunung Gagau, Hulu Terengganu.
    • 2020: Researchers from Universiti Malaysia Kelantan found 7-10 footprints in Quartz Sandstone at Bukit Panau, Tanah Merah, Kelantan. Believed to be from a Sauropod species and a Compsognathus species. Another discovery in 2020 is the discovery of Stegodon fossils, a species of Ancient Elephant found in Gopeng, Perak. 
  • Dong Son Drum  :   
    • 1905 - the first gragment Dong Son Drums discovered at Kampung Bukit Kuda, Klang, Selangor. 
    • in 1926, William Linehan an Irish historian discovered a Dong Son Bronze war Drum along the Sungai Tembeling in Pahang. It is recognised as the earliest bronze drum discovery in Malaysia
    • 1964 - prehistoric Dong Son Bronze drum accidentally discovered at the Kampung Batu Buruk, Kuala Terengganu by Public Works Department (JKR) bulldozer during road construction. The  same year, 2 drums were discovered in Kampung Sungai Lang, Kuala Langat, Banting, Selangor .
    • 1995: discovery of Timbang Dayang Bronze Drum at Bukit Timbang Dayang Burial site, Bangi Island in Kudah Sabah. The first and only Dong Son era bronze drum found in Sabah, and the 3rd ever on Borneo Island. 
    • 11 May 1996 - A bronze drum was found in Jertih, Terengganu by villagers in a Sungai Mati cemetery about 2 km from Jertih Town. The same year in 1996, the Bronze Drum was found on the banks of the Sedu River, Kuala Langar, Selangor by brick-making workers.
  • Gua Badak: Lenggong Valley - in 1924, I.H.N Evans reported the discovery of ancient paintings in Gua Badak, Lenggong, Perak.It was lost due to quarrying activities before being rediscovered in 1992.
  • Gua Bewah: Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu - In 2009: An ancient human skeleton was found in Gua Bewah, Tasik Kenyir in Terengganu, believed to be 16,000 years old, older than Perak Man.
  • Gua Cawan: 2018: A group of researchers from UKM and the National Heritage Department discovered a prehistoric human skeleton believed to be a teenage girl aged between 6,000 and 8,000 years old at Gua Cawan in the Nenggiri Valley, Hulu Kelantan.
  • Gua Cha: highly significant Hoabinhian and Neolithic archaeological site located on the west bank of the Nenggiri River in Gua Musang, Kelantan. In 1954, excavation by G.de G. Sieveking, uncovered key human burials and thousands of pottery fragments proving an occupational overlap between the Hoabinhian and Neolithic periods. 
  • Gua Gunung Runtuh: Lenggong Valley, the home of 11,000 year-old Perak Man. In 1991 his skeletal remains, in a foetal position were unearthed from an elaborate burial site in the cave.
  • Gua Harimau: Lenggong Valley - 11 skeletons, pots and bronze tools were found in the cave in 1980's and 90's, proof of the existence of an early Bronze Age in Malaysia
  • Gua Kajang: Lenggong Valley - the first cave to be excavated by I.H.N Evans in 1917. It revealed urn fragments, stone tools, food deposits and human bones, all evidence of human life 11,000 to 5,000 years ago.
  • Gua Kecil:Located at Raub, Pahang - in 1964, Frederick L.Dunn published his landmark findings on Gua Kecil at Raub , Pahang. His excavations revealed a highly significant multi-stage prehistoric occupational sequence spanning the Hoabinhian and Neolithic eras. Reseachers discovered animal bone remain, edible molluscs, resin (damar) and ancient plant food remains.
  • Gua Kain Hitam: located at Niah National Park, Sarawak - In 2007: USM researchers discovered 8 prehistoric human skeletons in Lobang Kain Hitam Cave, Sarawak believed to be 2,000 years old (Associate Professor Stephen Chia).
  • Gua Madai, Kunak, Sabah
    • in 1968, pioneering archaeologist Barbara Harrison do-led a monumental reconnaissance in Madai Cave at Kunak, Sabah, uncovering ancient stone tools, distinct earthenware and old burial grounds. This discovery proved human occupation dating back over 10,000 years, establishing the region as a major neolithic and Metal Age cultural crossroad in eastern Sabah. 
    • 1979-1980: Excavations at Madai Cave, Kunak, Sabah were carried out by Peter Bellwood, discovering ancient tools, food remains and old burial grounds.
  • Gua Ngaum: Lenggong Valley - containing food deposits, stone tools and broken earthernware of early dwellers. It could have been in use 7,000 to 6,000 years ago. 
  • Gua Sagu: located at Sungai Lembing in Pahang, archaeological excavations led by Prof. Dato' Dr. Zuraina Majid, revealed important evidence of prehistoric human settlement from the late Pleistocene to Holocene periods. 
  • Gua Teluk Kelawar: Lenggong Valley - this cave was used 11,000 to 6,000 years ago from the discovery of stone tools, food deposits (such as river snails, Brotia Costula and Brotia Spinosa) and animal bones. Human remains and burial sites dating 8,000 years indicated that the Paleolithic age in Malaysia in the region continued until the early Holocene era before the Neolithic arriva. The Perak Woman skeleton was found in this cave in 2004.  
  • Guar Kepah: Historically famous as the very first archaeological site ever excavated in Peninsular Malaysia, initially dug up by British archaelogists starting in 1863. 
    • George Windsor Earl : In 1850, he conducted the very first archaeological excavation at Guar Kepah, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang in 1850. He discovered 3 Neolithic shell middens and unburied 27 ancient human skeletons.
    • Between 1851 and 1934, British researches excavated 41 other skeletons from the exact shell mounds. 
    • Between 1934-1936: excavations led by Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels, uncovered the nomadic Semang tribe, these discoveries evidenced a 5,000 to 6,000 year old settled marine community. 
  • Hoabinhian: a major prehistoric Mesolithic stone-tool industry and hunter-gatherer culture that thrived across Mainland Southeast Asia from approximaely 30,000 to 3,000 BCE. 
  • Homo Erectus: believed to have migrated across the land bridges from Southeast Asia as far as Java 1.8 million years ago.
  • Jenderam Hilir: located at Sungai Langat, Dengkil, Selangor - the 1977 discovery confirmed it as one of the oldest open-air-Neolithic Settlements in Peninsular Malaysia. The 4,500 year old artefacts included pottery sherds, stone adzes and a wooden boat plank. 
  • Kampung Bekuku, Ulu Tomani, Tenom, Sabah: the Lumuyu Petroglyph, Malaysia's largest ancient rock carving, the 1,000 years old sandstone boulder features human faces and footprints, was gazetted as a Sabah State Heritage site in 1999. 
  • Kampung Bukit Kuda, Kelang, Selangor: a Bronze drum was found in 1944 during construction work during the Japanese period (Leong Sau Heng, 1988). 
  • Kampung Sungai Lang, Banting, Selangor: the ancient boat remnants and accompanying artifacts were discovered and excavated in 1964 by the Department of Museums and Antiquities in collaboration with the University of Malaya. Estimated by radiocarbon dating to span from 580 BC to AD 190. The Dong Son bronze drums discovered buried with the boat. 
  • Kota Gelanggi : also known as Klang Kio or Ganggayu, a legendary ancient lost city mentioned in the Sulalatus Salatin (Malay Annals). In 2005, independent researchers, Raimy Che Ross reported discovering the potential site of this ancient black stone fortress hidden within the dense forest reserves of Ulu Tiram, Johor. 
  • Kota Tampan: Grik, Lenggong Valley, Perak:
    • In 1938, Archaeologist H.D.Collings conducted the first excavation at the Kota Tampan Paleolithic site. He discovered ancient Palaeolithic stone tools. 
    • In 1958 - British archaeologist, Ann Sieveking published her seminal report, "The Palaeolithic Industry of Kota Tampan, Perak, Malaya" analysing her 1954 excavation at the site. Her work documented 234 stone tools and established a relative Middle Pleitocene date for the site based on geological stratigraphy. 
    • Excavation in 1987 led by Malaysian archaeologist, Prof. Siti Zuraina Abdul Majid, uncovered more than 50,000 pebble and stone tools buried beneath the ash of the Youngest Toba Eruption in Sumatra about 74,000 years ago that blanketed the Kota Tampan site under a thick layer of volcanis ash. At Kampung Bukit Sapi, visitors can visited an exposed, vertical wall of pure white and light grey Toba volcanic ash that measures between 6 to 10 meters thick. 
  • Kuala Selinsing Archaeological sitea significant protohistoric coastal settlement and ancient port located at Pulau Kalumpang within the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve near Taiping, Perak. 
    • Inhabited from roughly 200 BC to 1000 AD, it served as a major regional trading hub and feeder point long before the rise of the Melaka Sultanate. 
    • 1932 - I.H.N Evans discovered the Kuala Selinsing Boat. Also discovered was a gold ring in Tanjung Rawa, Kuala Selinsing engraved with the name Cri Visnuvarmasya, possibly the King of Srivijaya as recorded in the Ligor B Inscription. 
    • In 1935 , Dr. Ch. Chhabra wrote the hypothesis that the Selinsing gold had a writing pattern from the 8th century AD and the name Visnuwarmasya on the ring was the same as the name Visnuwarman in the Ligor B inscription.
    • In 1940 - H.G. Quaritch Wales,British archaeologist - he published his opinion that Kuala Selinsing in Perak was a settlement belonging to Hinduised Indonesian immigrants. Writing in the "Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society". 
    • In April 1955, G.de Sieveking,  conducted a second excavations at Kuala Selinsing, Perak. He recovered a remarkable total of 3000 glasses and polished stone beads from an 18-inch layer. 
  • Lenggong Valley, Perak
    • a UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring a 1.83 millior-year-old meteorite impact site linked to early tool development. 
  • Mansuli Valley: located in the east coast of Sabah, East Malaysia, hosts the oldest chronometrically dated open-air site in Borneo, providing evidence of stone tool manipulation starting 235,000 years ago. 
  • Maritime Archaeology : Shipwrecks in Malaysia :
    • Atago Maru : Imperial Japanese Navy ship, sunk off Miri, Sarawak on 28 November 1944. 
    • Awazisan Maru: Imperial Japanese Navy - A World War II Japanese troopship that was bombed and sunk off the coast of Kota Bharu.
    • Bidong Wreck: a 16th century vessel discovered near Pulau Bidong carrying Thai ceramics, offering vital insights into Southeast Asia's monsoonal trading history. 
    • Desaru : A Chinese merchank "junk" vessel that sank around 1845 after striking a coral reef off the coast of Johor Malaysia.Discovered in May 2001 at depth of 20 metres, the wreck yielded a massive cargo of over 50,000 Chinese ceramic soup spoons, blue-and-white porcelain and Yixing teapots. 
    • Diana: the 176-year disappearance of a British merchant ship that vanished in the Straits of Malacca in 5 March 1817. The wreck was found with a cargo load weighing 11 tons in 1993. 
    • Dom Duarte de Guerta: Portuguese warship - Sank 18 August 1606 (Battle of Cape Rachado). Discovered in 1993 at Port Dickson (13 km from Nassau) by Transea Sdn Bhd whence undertaking survey of Caroline (1816). 
    • Haguro: Imperial Japanese Navy - A Myoko-class Cruiser that was sunk in the Straits of Malacca by British Destroyer on 18 May 1945. 
    • Hatsutaka: Imperial Japanese Navy - A Hatsutaka-class minelayer that was torpedoed by USS Hawkbill off Pulau Tenggol on 16 May 1945. 
    • HMS Prince of Wales & HMS Repulse: famous British Royal Navy capital ships were sunk by the Japanese air attacks in 10 December 1941 off the coast of Kuantan, Pahang. They remain protected war graves, though they face modern threats from illegal salvage operators. 
    • HMS Stratagem: British Royal Navy ship - an S-class submarine that was sunk by a Japanese Submarine chaser near Batu Pahat, Johor on 22 November 1944. 
    • HNLMS O 16 and HNLMS K XVII: Dutch submarines sunk by naval mines in December 1941 off the coast of Tioman in Pahang. 
    • Jade Dragon: a 1300 AD Southeast Asian trading vessel discovered by fisherman in 2010 off the northern tip of Borneo in Sabah. 
    • KM Sipadan : a former Royal Malaysian Navy Ship intentionally scuttled in 2012 to create a thriving artificial reef systems, sitting at a depth of roughly 30 metres. 
    • Kuma: Imperial Japanese Navy - a Kuma-class light cruiser that was torpedoed by HMS Tally-Ho off Penang on 11 January 1944. 
    • Kuroshio Maru: a Japanese tanker that was sunk as a target off Pulau Aur on March 1960. 
    • La Paix : The French Merchant vessel,sank on 28 November 1895 at Beting Bambek near Cape Rachado (Tanjung Tuan). The Malaysian government authorized commercial exploration contracts to locate the vessel in the 1990s, though initial localized attempts to fully uncover the hull faced significant challenges.
    • Longquan: a massive 14th century merchant vessel that sank around 1380 AD off the coast of Terengganu, Malaysia. Discovered in June 1996 at a deep and hazardous depth of 63 metres, it is recognised as one of the largest wooden shipwreck ever found in the South China Sea. 
    • Middleburg: Dutch warship, Sank 18 August 1606 (Battle of Cape Rachado) - discovered 1993 at Port Dickson NS (13 km from Nassau) by Transea Sdn Bhd whence undertaking survey  for Caroline (1816).
    • Nanyang : A late 14th-century merchant vessel that sank around 1380 in the South China Sea. Discovered in October 1995 at a depth of 54 metres, the wreck is located approximately 10 nautical miles off Malaysia's Pulau Pemanggil (near Tioman Island). 
    • Nassau: a Dutch East India Company warship sunk in the 1606 Battle of Cape Rachado, discovered in 1993. The joint survey involving Transea Sdn Bhd, Oxford University and Malaysia's National Museum took place in 1995, recovering over 500 artifacts. 
    • Pulau Melaka Wreck: discovered recently in 2025, off Melaka Island, the 13th to 16th century century wooden ship made of native saga wood dates back to the Melaka Sultanate transition period and contained rare coins and Chinese ceramics. First detected in late 2020 by independent researchers led by Dr. Dionysius Sharma.
    • Ranee: SS Ranee, a 317-ton steel steamship owned by the Straits Steamship Company that sank on March 14, 1923, along the Sedili Coast of Johor, after colliding with another vessel named the Boribat. Discovered in 2005, sitting at a depth of 20 metres, approximately 5 nautical miles off Tanjung Sedili Kecil.  
    • Risdam : the wreck of Risdam Merchant Ship was found in 1984 in the waters of Mersing, Johor. The ship belonged to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and sank in 1727 AD.
    • Royal Nanhai : a mid 15th-century Siamese merchant vesselthat sank around 1460 in the South China Sea. Discovered in 1992 at a depth of 46 metres, the ship was found roughly 40 nautical miles off the coast of Kuantan, Pahang and fully excavated by maritime archaeologist  Sten Sjostrand
    • Sao Salvador: Sank 18 August 1606 (Battle of Cape Rachado) - discovered in 1993, Port Dickson, NS (13 km from Nassau) by Transea Sdn Bhd whence undertaking survey  for Caroline (1816).
    • Singtai  : a mid 16th century trading vessel that sank around 1550 in the South China Sea. Discovered in April 2001 at a depth of 53 metres, the wreck is located roughly 12 nautical miles off the coast of Pulau Redang, Terengganu. 
    • SS Amherst: a 108-tonne British steam vessel built in Glasgow in 1886 and registered in Singapore. On November 17, 1901, the ship sank on a sandbank in Sungai Pahang during a storm. Discovered in May 2016, the 30-meter remains of the wreckage were dramatically uncovered by local villagers at Kampung Tanjung, Paloh Hinai. 
    • Tanjung Simpang :a 10th-12th century Chinese merchant vessel that sank off the Tip of Borneo (Tanjung Simpang Mengayau) in Kudat, Sabah. Dating to the Northern Song Dynasty, it is recognised as the oldest shipwreck ever discovered in Malaysian waters. It was found by local fishermanin April 2003 at a depth of 40 metres, just 400 metres from the shoreline. 
    • Tanjung Tuan: Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan - The ships Nassau, Dom Duarte de Guerta, Middleburg and Sao Salvador were found in Tanjung Tuan, Port Dickson in 1993 by Transea Sdn Bhd. The Dutch warship sank on 18 August 1606 in a battle with a Portuguese ship in the "Battle of Cape Rachado".
    • Turiang: a 14th century Chinese merchant vessel that sank around 1370 in the southern zone of the South China Sea. Discovered on May 13, 1998 at a depth of 42 metres and roughly 100 nautical miles off the coast of Peninsular Malaysia, it is historically celebrated as one of the earliest regional shipwrecks loaded with Thai export ceramics. 
    • Vivian & Sons: January 2021: The Kuala Lipis shipwreck surfaced after a flood. The company name was found written "Vivian & Sons" and the year 1824.
    • Wanli (1625): located off Dungun,Terengganu, this historic vessel was discovered with thousands of Ming Dynasty ceramic wares. 
    • Xuande : a mid 16th century trading vessel that sank around 1540 in the South China Sea. Discovered in 1996 by maritime archaeologist Sten Sjostrand, the wreck sits at a depth of 53 metres,  approximately 30 to 39 nautical miles north of Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. 
  • Mek Keldung : or Mek Keledung - a skeleton of 14,000-year-old prehistoric human discovered in Kelantan, Malaysia in November 2022 by a team from UKM, inside the Gua Keledung Kecil cave. 
  • Metal Age: 2,500 years ago - The Malay Peninsula became a crossroads in the Maritime trade of the ancient ageSeafarers who came to Malaysia's shores included Malayo-Polynesian people, Indians and possibly Chinese traders among others. Ptolemy named the Malay Peninsula the Golden Chersonese.
  • Mongoloid : an obsolete racial grouping of various indigenous to large parts of Asia, the Americas and some regions in Europe and Ocenia.
  • Negritos : most probably the first inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula. These Mesolothic hunters were probably the ancestors of the Semang. 
  • Neolithic: New Stone Age (10,000 - 5,000 years ago) - archaeological find from the Lenggong Valley in Perak show that people were making stone tools and using jewellery. 
  • Niah National Park
    • A curcial prehistoric cave system in Miri, Sarawak at East Malaysia containing human remains dating back approximately 40,000 years, alongside an extensicve Neolithic burial network. 
    • in 1958 - Tom Harrison with his wife Barbara Harrison led the 1958 excavation at Niah Cave.They provide the first evidence of long-term human habitation in the region spanning tens of thousands of years. 
    • Wikipedia : Niah National Park
  • Palaeolithic : Old Stone Age, a prehistoric period lasting from about 3.3 million years ago to 11,700 years ago. 
  • Penang Woman: a highly significant, 5,700 year old prehistoric human skeleton discovered accidentally in April 2017 in Guar Kepah, Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. Her ramins represent the first and only Neolithic (New Stone Age) skeleton found inside a shell midden. 
  • Perak Man
    • an 11,000 year old skeleton that represents Southeast Asia's oldest and most complete prehistoric human remains. Discovered in Gua Gunung Runtuh, Lenggong Valley in Perak in 1991.
    • The only prehistoric skeleton in the world born with a congenital deformity known as Brachymesophalangia type A2. 
  • Perak Woman: Found 13 years after the Perak man in a nearby cave complex, Gua Teluk Kelawar in 2004. living roughly 8,000 years ago. 
  • Pioneering Figure: Proffesor Emeritus Datuk Dr. Siti Zuraina Abdul Majid is widely recognised as the founder of modern Malaysian archaeology. She discovered the Perak Man and instutionalised the discipline across the nation. 
  • Pleistocene: a geological epoch that lasted from about 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, famously characterised by repeated global glaciations. Frequently referred to as the Ice Age. 
  • Pontian Boat
    • an early historic lashed-lug wooden boat discovered on the banks of Pontian River in Pahang, Malaysia in 1926 by I.H.N Evans.It was regarded as one of the earliest known archaelogical examples of a lashed-lug boat in Southeast Asia, with radiocarbon dates placing it between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE.  
    • C.A. Gibson Hill: discussed in detail the discovery of the Pontian Boat in his writings in 1956. C.A. Gibson Hill - MBRAS
  • Proto Malays: Austronesian-speaking seafaring migrants who moved from mainland Asia into the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago between 2500 and 1500 BCE. 
  • Pulau Kalumpang
    • B.W.F Barnard: Deputy Conservator of Forests for Perak North. In May 1924, he discovered proto-historic human skulls, carnelian beads and blue glass at Pulau Kelumpang, Kuala Selinsing in Matang Perak. 
    • In 1955, archaeologist G. de G. Sieveking discovered 3 ancient boats at Pulau Kalumpang, Perak. Believed to date between 200 BC and 1000 AD, these vessels are thought to have been used in animistic burial rituals by an early maritime community. 
    • In 1987, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi conducted a new excavation in Pulau Kalumpang and succcessfully unearthed 11 burial, house post, wooden rice mortar, earthenware, stone artefacts, food remains, glass and stone beads, ear rings and organic materials. Base on the C14 dates, the site is believed to be inhabited between 200 BC and 1000 AD. 
  • Rompin Boat : In 1902, American naturalist, William Louis Abbot documented a traditional wooden bark boat in Ulu Rompin, Pahang. 
  • Tambun Rock Art: a series of Neolithic-era cave paintings at Gunung Panjang limestone hill in Tambun, Ipoh, Perak. It was discovered on a rocky overhang in 1959 by 2nd Lt. R.L. Rawlings of the 2nd Battalion, 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles. 
  • Sagor Boat: discovered by researchers from the University of Malaya in Baling, Kedah in 1996. It is believed to have been used around the 19th century AD.
  • Sungai Batu Archaeoligical Site: in 2007 - The Sungai Batu Archaeological Site, Kedah was discovered by a research team from the USM Global Archaeological Research Centre (PPAG) led by Prof. Dato' Dr. Mohd Mokhtar Saidin.
  • Sungai Bewah:  Located at Hulu Terengganu. Prehistoric artifacts including Neolithic pottery, bowls and stone axes were discovered near the Bewah River and Taat Cave. Early excavations in the Lake Kenyir by H.D. Noone in 1959, the finding confirmed that the region served as a vital settlement stie dating back over 10,000 years. 
  • Twankoo Boat (Tuan-ku) - discovered by  Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill and  G.de G. Sieveking, a Chinese style Twankoo vessel. Assumed its creation to be in the late 16th century. 
Reference:
  1. Zulheimy Maamor : Nota Ilmu: Arkeologi di Malaysia > Penemuan artifak, Prasasti, Candi-candi dsb.
  2. Ian Glover : Southeast Asia from Prehistory to History
  3. Abu Talib Ahmad : Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia
  4. Arkeologi Maritim: Kapal Karam di Semenanjung Malaysia > Zainuddin Baco, Baszley Bee Basrah bee & Stephen Chia. 
  5. Khazanah Kapal Karam : Nor 'Asykin Mat Hayin, Harian Metro
  6. Penyelidikan Arkeologi Bawah Air di Semenanjung Malaysia (1902-2015) - Zainuddin Baco & Stephen Chia.
  7. Islam dalam Sejarah Asia Tenggara Tradisional - Abdul Rahman Haji Abdullah:Penerbitan Pena Sdn Bhd, 1989.
  8. Zamir Mohyedin : Penemuan Rangka Berusia 14,000 tahun di Kelantan
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
26 July 2026: 11.32 am

Friday, 24 July 2026

SENJATA API KERAJAAN MELAYU

Oleh: Benigh Nor Hafeez
FB Sejarah Muar : 13 April 2016

1- Adakah benar semasa Portugis menceroboh Melaka, pahlawan-pahlawan melayu Melaka pada waktu itu hanya mempertahankan bumi tanah air mereka hanya dengan menggunakan keris, parang dan lembing? Sejauh mana keterlibatan orang-orang Melayu didalam arena senjata api? Adakah benar orang-orang Melayu dianggap asing dengan teknologi ini?
2- Blogger Al Semantani telah pun membuat kupasan yang panjang lebar tentang senjata-senjata api orang Melayu purba seperti Meriam, Istinggar dan Terakol didalam blognya, LokalGenius. Begitu juga dengan Sabri Zain didalam Laman webnya Sabrizain.org. Melalui beberapa sumber bacaan tambahan dari beberapa buah buku, saya juga akan cuba memberi fakta-fakta tambahan mengenai senjata-senjata tempur orang Melayu. Ya, orang-orang Melayu tidak asing dengan teknologi senjata api.
3- Memetik dari buku The Golden Chersonese and the way Thither, penulisnya Isabella L Bird telah mencatatkan bahawa senjata-senjata utama orang-orang Melayu ada keris, pedang (mengikut catatan Bird, jarang digunakan tetapi lebih kepada perhiasan), parang (juga untuk kegunaan harian selain daripada senjata) dan tombak-tombak bermata besi (menurut Bird, senjata yang memakan banyak nyawa ketika Perang Perak). Selain daripada senjata-senjata perang tradisional, bird juga mencatatkan kehadiran Matchlocks, Blunderbusses dan Lelahs.
Bird dipetik sebagai berkata:-
The malay weapons consist of the celebrated kris with its flamed shape wavy blade, the sword, regarded, however, more as an ornament, the parang, which is both knife and weapon, the steel headed spear, which costs us many lives if the Perak war, Matchlocks, Blunderbusses and Lelahs, long hevay brass gun used for the defence of the stockade behind which the malays usually fight.they make their own gunpowder and uses cartridges made of cane.
4- Mungkin kepada yang sudah arif tentang terma-terma persenjataan moden, perkataan-perkataan ini mungkin tidak asing, namun bagi yang kurang pengetahuan tentang ilmu senjata, saya terpinga-pinga dengan istilah-istilah asing ini. Jika terma umum seperti Grenade Launchers, Machine Guns atau Bazooka mungkin juga pernah saya dengar tapi Matchlocks, Blunderbusses dan Lelahs?
5- Matchlock adalah sejenis senapang yang mempunyai kancing (locks) yang merupakan moyang kepada senapang patah pada hari ini. Orang melayu memanggilnya Istinggar atau Senapang Kancing Sumbu. Blunderbusses pula sejenis senapang yang mempunyai ukuran lebih pendek dari Matchlock. Orang Melayu memanggilnya Pemuras. Pistol tangan yang lebih pendek pula dipanggil Terakol atau Tarkol yang agak popular dikalangan lanun-lanun dan pedagang-pedagang laut Melayu. Lela pula ada lah meriam-meriam Melayu.
6-Didalam buku Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca yang ditulis oleh Thomas John Newbold dan diterbitkan pada 1839 mencatatkan seperti berikut:-
Their matchlocks, of which the Satengar, or Istengara Menangkabowe, is most esteemed, are long heavy unwieldy pieces: the barrels are formed by twisting a flat bar, of tough beaten iron, round a rod of the same, and beating it into a consistent hollow cylinder. The stocks of these pieces are not adapted for the shoulder, nor for taking an accurate and speedy aim, and a rest is absolutely necessary, from the great weight and length of the barrel. The Malays, in fact, scarcely ever fire without resting the muzzle, lowering, instead of raising it to their object, nor do they apply the butt to the shoulder. The locks for holding the Tunam, or match of coir rope, are generally of brass or copper, finely worked and ornamented. The European pieces, with locks, are most preferred, and now commonly used instead of the matchlocks.
7- Newbold seterusnya mencatatkan bahawa senjata-senjata api ini sememangnya tidak asing dengan orang-orang Melayu malah untuk melihat seorang lelaki melayu dengan senapang-senapang tersisip kemas ditangannya adalah bukan perkara yang aneh malah menjadi kelaziman. Cerobong mulut enapang-senapang ini selalunya diukir dengan ukiran-ukiran mulut harimau atau ular. Newbold seterusnya menyambung seperti berikut:-
Muskets, blunderbusses (Pemuras), and rifles are not uncommonly found in their hands. The barrels of the blunderbusses are frequently made by themselves, with muzzles in various fantastic forms, such as the mouth of a tiger or snake, and mounted with European locks. When going to war, a Malay considers himself completely armed with a kris, a golok, a badik (sort of knife), a chenankas, or pedang (sword), a musket and cartridges, or the tombak (spear), and a quiver of ranjows, or caltrops, at his back.
8- Meriam-meriam lela pula sememangnya tidak asing lagi malah kepulauan Melayu pada ketika itu sudah pun mempunyai kilang-kilang membuat senapang dan meriam yang terkenal dirantau Asia Tenggara. Sebagai contoh, di Terengganu di Semenanjung, Grisek di Jawa dan Minangkabau di Sumatra. Newbold juga mencatatkan bahawa kilang senapang pernah wujud di Aceh. Antara nama-nama gelaran bagi meriam-meriam melayu ini adalah Rantaka, Ekor Lotong, Jala Rambang dan Lela.
They manufacture ordnance at Tringanu on the Peninsula; Gressik in Java; at Menangkabowe in Sumatra, and formerly there was a foundry at Achin. The following five descriptions of guns are most in use, viz. the Mariam, capable of carrying a six lb. shot; the iron Rantaka; the Jala Rambang, with a muzzle about as large as that of the blunderbuss; the Ekor Lotong, a small gun, to which is attached a long curved appendage, resembling the tail of the monkey Lotong, set on at the button of the breech ; and the Lelah, whose ordinary range is about 400 yards; some will carry 1000 yards, in an elevation. Lelahs are often loaded with leaden or tin slugs, called " dadu dadu," and placed on swivels in outposts, at an angle of their stockades, so as to command two faces ; the Lelah is generally made of brass, with a caliber varying from one to three inches.
9- Mengikut kajian para sarjana lagi, penggunaan meriam adalah salah satu daripada ciri-ciri tempur melayu pada zaman dahulu, lebih awal daripada kedatangan orang-orang Eropah ke Asia Tenggara. Setelah pelaut Portugis, Vasco da Gama membina Kota Calicut (Calcutta) di pesisir Malabar, India pada 1489, orang-orang Portugis mula mengalih kan pandangan ke arah Asia Tenggara untuk meluaskan empayar mereka dan sasaran utama pada waktu itu adalah sebuah kota perlabuhan yang begitu pesat sehinggakan Duerte Barbosa, seorang penulis dan pegawai Portugis pada masa itu mencatatkan bahawa siapa yang menguasai kota ini, Venice akan tunduk kepadanya. Melaka.

Who ever is lord in Malacca has his hands on the throat of Venice.
10- Semasa angkatan perang Portugis yang diketuai oleh Alfonso de Albuquerque menyerang Melaka pada 1511, orang-orang Melayu Melaka telah menggunakan meriam-meriam untuk mempertahankan Perlabuhan Melaka dan dikatakan bahawa terdapat lebih kurang 3000 senjata api berjaya dirampas oleh Portugis selepas orang-orang Melayu berundur. Ada pula yang mengatakan angka yang tepat adalah 8000. Namun bukan isu angka yang menarik perhatian saya tetapi fakta yang mengatakan orang-orang Melayu telah pun menggunakan senjata api seawal kurun ke 15 di Melaka.
11. Selain daripada beribu-ribu meriam dan senapang yang dijumpai di Melaka selepas ditawan oleh Portugis, Albuquerque juga menjumpai satu meriam yang mempunyai saiz yang jauh lebih besar daripada meriam-meriam Portugis pada masa itu yang mana meriam ini telah dihantar oleh Albuquerque ke Kota Calicut sebagai hadiah kepada seteru Portugis di India iaitu puak-puak Zamorin. Fakta ini telah direkodkan oleh De Burros seperti mana yang dipetik oleh John Crawfurd didalam kamusnya A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries, sebagai berkata
But besides the arms thus enumerated, the Portuguese and Spaniards, when they first arrived, found the most advanced of the Malayan nations in possession of firearms. This is De Burros' account of the artillery captured by Alboquerque in Malacca. "And of artillery," says he, "we found no more than 3000 out of 8000 pieces, which Ruy de 'Arajo (a prisoner of Sequiera's fleet) had stated to be in the city. Amons; those taken were many of great size (muy grossas),and one very beantiful piece which the King of Calicut had lately sent.
12- Mengikut para sarjana, jenis meriam yang digunakan orang-orang Melayu tidaklah diketahui namun mereka berpendapat bahawa tidak lama selepas teknologi senjata api diperkenalkan oleh bangsa arab kepada dunia, orang-orang melayu sudah mula membuat senjata api sendiri. Bukti aktiviti pembuatan senjata api ini direkodkan oleh W. Linehan didalam kertas kerjanya yang berjudul Some Discoveries on the Tembeling. Di tebing-tebing Sungai Tembeling yang terletak di Pahang, Linehan telah menjumpai acuan-acuan purba yang digunakan untuk membuat meriam yang dianggarkan seawal kurun ke 13 atau 14.
13- Setelah menawan Melaka, Alfonso de Albuquerque telah meneliti gudang-gudang senjata yang ditinggalkan di Melaka dan telah mengatakan bahawa senapang-senapang di Melaka mempunyai kualiti yang sama hebat dengan senapang-senapang buatan German pada masa itu, malah tidak mampu ditandingi oleh Portugis, namun senapang yang paling berkualiti pada masa itu datang daripada hasil buatan Kerajaan Turki Uthmaniah. Albuquerque didalam komentarnya Comentários do Grande Afonso de Albuquerque yang diterbitkan pada 1557 menyatakan seperti berikut.
There were captured, 3000 pieces, of which 2000 were of brass, and the rest of iron. Among them there was one large piece sent by the King of Calicut to the King of Malacca. All the artillery with its appurtenances was of such workmanship that it could not be excelled, even in Portugal. There were found also match-locks (espingardao), blowpipes for shooting poisoned arrows, bows and arrows, lances of Java, and divers other arms, all which created surprise in those that captured them.
14- Perbandingan senjata-senjata Melayu dengan senjata api buatan German klasik, ini turut disokong oleh Nicholas Tarling. Didalam buku The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: from early times to C. 1800c yang dikumpul dan ditulis oleh Nicholas Tarling ada menyebut bahawa senapang-senapang Melayu purba senang dibandingkan dengan senapang-senapang buatan German klasik (mungkin pra Prussia) yang pada masa itu merupakan nama yang terkemuka didalam bidang pengeluaran senjata api pada kurun ke 15. Tarling juga memetik tentang seorang pencatat bangsa Itali yang ada menyebut tentang kehadiran meriam-meriam gergasi di Melaka. Tarling dipetik sebagai berkata seperti berikut:
However, Malay gunfounders were compared favourably with those of Germany who were then the acknowledge leaders in the manufacture of firearms and the malay gun carrieges were described as unrivalled by any other land including portugal. an italian participant in the attack mentioned in the presence of heavy cannon in Melaka which caused considerable loss of portuguese livies. Though the malays were eventually defeated they were described as the most valiant, well trained in war and copiously supplied with every type of very good weapon.
Meriam Brunei yang dipanggil Bedil.
15- Senjata-senjata yang di keluarkan oleh Kerajaan-Kerajaan Melayu lama mempunyai kualiti yang berbeza-beza. Selalunya yang terbaik dan yang paling kuat akan dibuat oleh Sultan-Sultan dan Raja-Raja yang paling kaya. Meriam-meriam Melayu yang terbaik tidak mempunyai sebarang masalah menghancurkan kapal-kapal Eropah. Sebagai contoh, Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie/ Dutch East India Company) telah kehilangan sebuah kapal perang semasa mereka menyerang Makassar pada 1667 dan sebuah lagi ssemasa mereka menyerang kubu kuat orang-orang Bugis di Bentan pada kurun ke 18. Malah orang-orang Belanda sendiri membeli senapang-senapang buatan Makassar.
16- Antara meriam-meriam yang paling terkenal di kepulauan Melayu sudah pastinya Meriam-Meriam Pattani yang di buat dan dikeluarkan pada kurun ke 15, yang dikenali sebagai Seri Patani, Seri Negeri dan Mahalela. Meriam-meriam ini mempunyai saiz yang sangat besar dan memainkan peranan yang penting didalam menangkis serangan-serangan Siam sepanjang 200 tahun sehingga tahun 1786 dimana Patani akhirnya dapat dikalahkan oleh Siam. Siam seterusnya merampas meriam-meriam ini dan dibawa ke Bangkok. Malangnya Seri Negeri telah terjatuh kedalam laut manakala Seri Patani masih lagi ada sehingga ke hari ini dimana ia dipamerkan di Kementerian Pertahanan Thailand. Meriam Mahalela yang bersaiz sedikit kecil dari Sri Patani dan Seri Negeri tidak dapat dikesan.
17- Kerajaan Melayu Singgora juga didapati telah mula menghasilkan meriam pada sekitar kurun ke 16. Meriam-meriam ini digunakan didalam perang menentang Siam pada sekitar abad yang sama. Apabila Siam berjaya menakluk Singgora pada 1987, meriam-meriam Singgora ini pula digunakan oleh Siam
untuk menangkis serangan-serangan Annam dan Burma. Pada tahun 1766, Burma berjaya melanggar Ayuthiya, dan membawa meriam-meriam Singgora ini ke Burma dan digunakan untuk melawan British. Pada 1887, British akhirnya berjaya menewaskan Burma dan membawa meriam Singgora ini ke London.
18- Saya meneruskan pembacaan lagi. Terdapat pembaca yang mencadangkan agar saya lebih banyak merujuk kepada sumber-sumber tempatan. Jadi saya terus menyusur alam maya ini untuk mencari sumber-sumber tempatan yang boleh digunakan sebagai rujukan. Pencarian saya terjawab dengan terjumpanya sebuah buku bertajuk Peluru Petunang hasil tulisan A Samad Ahmad. Kitab Peluru Petunang ini merupakan sebuah manuskrip tulisan tangan berbahasa melayu berkenaan cara penggunaan dan pengendalian senjata api melayu termasuk amalan-amalan yang diamalkan oleh orang-orang melayu dahulu kala berkenaan dengan senjata api.
19- Bukan sekadar itu sahaja, selain daripada mengandungi manual lengkap cara menggunakan senjata api, kitab ini juga turut menyelitkan bacaan doa-doa untuk disisipkan sebagai amalan ketika menggunakan senjata api. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka telah menerbitkan semula buku ini pada tahun 1983. Yang menariknya, Kitab ini sebenarnya ditulis berdasarkan dua buah manuskrip tulisan jawi yang berusia lebih lama. Salah satu dari dua manuskrip lama itu, yang dipercayai bertajuk Perkara Tembak Tarkul atau Senapang adalah bertarikh 28 Jamadil Akhir 1280 Hijriah bersamaan dengan 9 disember 1863.
20- Izinkan saya memetik sedikit daripada pengantar tulisan A Samad Ahmad didalam kitab Peluru Petunang ini:
Segala jenis bedil atau senjata api yang ada pada zaman itu, tentulah dari jenis kuno dan tidak lagi diketahui ramai akan bentuk dan rupanya; kerana tiada siapa pun yang menyimpannya. Kalau pun ada hanyalah di muzium-muzium sahaja. Namun begitu, namanama beberapa jenis bedil kuno itu masih terdapat dalam buku-buku yang berunsur sejarah bangsa Melayu. Di antara bedil-bedil kuno dari jenis senapang, ialah: istinggar, tarkul dan pemuras; sementara dari jenis meriam, yang lebih terkenal pada zaman dahulu dengan sebutan "lela", terdapat jenis lela rambang, lela rentaka, tahan turut dan sebagainya.
Bedil-bedil jenis kuno yang digunakan pada zaman itu, dan cara-cara menggunakannya, sudah tentulah setimbal dengan peringkat pencapaian pengetahuan manusia sezamannya. Alat-alat pesawat yang disebut pejera, penggalak. sumbu dan sebagainya, tentulah asing kepada orang sekarang. Pesawat pejera, yakni alat pembidik bagi menentukan kesasarannya boleh pula dikisar ubah mengikut pengagakan si penembak. Lebih aneh lagi, ramuan ubat bedil serta pelurunya, dibubuh sendiri ke dalam bedil dan dilantak, yakni diasak padat-padat.
21- Menarik bukan?

C&P
24 Julai 2026: 7.56 p.m

Hubungan Kedah Tua dan Srivijaya: Memori Dua Kutub Kemaharajaan Maritim


Oleh: Ibnu Amil
Kisah Sejarah Melayu

Sejarah Alam Melayu memang takkan pernah lengkap kalau kita tak bincangkan pasal dua kuasa besar perdagangan kuno: Kedah Tua di Tanah Melayu dan Srivijaya di Sumatera. Hubungan antara kedua-duanya bukanlah sekadar kisah penakluk dengan kawasan yang ditakluki, tapi lebih kepada sebuah sinergi geopolitik dan ekonomi yang membentuk antara rangkaian perdagangan terbesar di dunia pada zaman itu.

Awal Mula Penyatuan dalam Rangkaian Srivijaya

Pada abad-abad awal Masihi, Kedah Tua menjadi sebuah pelabuhan bebas yang sangat sibuk, menjadi tumpuan pedagang dari India, Timur Tengah, dan China. Namun, dinamika politik di Selat Melaka berubah dengan agak drastik pada akhir abad ke-7 apabila Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa mendirikan Kedatuan Srivijaya di Palembang. Bukti integrasi awal Kedah ke dalam pangkuan Srivijaya ini terdapat dalam catatan pelayaran I-Tsing (Yi Jing), yang mana ianya berlaku sekitar tahun 685-689 Masihi.

Persoalannya, adakah penyatuan ini berlaku melalui pertumpahan darah yang dahsyat atau secara aman? Walaupun Srivijaya terkenal dengan kempen ketenteraan berskala besar untuk menundukkan wilayah-wilayah sekeliling, penaklukan ke atas Kedah Tua dipercayai tidak berteraskan pemusnahan total. Ia lebih menjurus kepada gabungan antara intimidasi ketenteraan dan tekanan diplomasi. Apabila berhadapan dengan ancaman armada Sriwijaya yang jauh lebih kuat, raja Kedah Tua pada waktu itu berkemungkinan besar memilih jalan untuk tunduk dan mengangkat sumpah setia demi mengelakkan pelabuhannya hancur lebur. Sriwijaya juga lebih gemar menundukkan kerajaan lain melalui ikatan persumpahan (kutukan) berbanding menjajah secara terus. Sebagai balasannya, Kedah Tua tidak dibumihanguskan, malah ia berkembang maju setelah dilindungi oleh naungan tentera laut Sriwijaya.

Masuknya Kedah ke dalam naungan Srivijaya bukan sahaja membolehkan Srivijaya mengawal pintu masuk utara Selat Melaka dari arah Teluk Benggala, malah dapat menguasai laluan rentas darat (trans-peninsular) di Tanah Genting Kra—laluan yang selalu digunakan oleh para pedagang untuk elak berlayar jauh mengelilingi semenanjung.

Konsep Kemaharajaan Kembar (Binodal Polity)

Penyatuan Kedah ke dalam mandala Srivijaya melahirkan satu susunan politik yang cukup unik, yang digelar oleh sejarawan Paul Wheatley sebagai binodal polity atau kemaharajaan dengan dua titik fokus utama. Perkara ini juga sering digambarkan oleh para pelayar Arab dan Parsi sebagai "kerajaan kembar" antara Kalah (Kedah) dan Sribuza (Srivijaya/Palembang). Dalam sistem ini, Srivijaya berfungsi sebagai kutub selatan yang mengawasi pintu masuk Selat Sunda, Laut Jawa, dan Laut China Selatan. Manakala Kedah Tua pula bertindak sebagai kutub utara yang menyambut dan memonopoli kapal-kapal yang datang dari Samudera Hindia, India, dan Timur Tengah.

Dari sudut amalnya, status Kedah Tua dalam Srivijaya beroperasi di bawah konsep Mandala. Kedah bukannya diuruskan secara terus macam sebuah wilayah moden, sebaliknya mereka masih mengekalkan autonomi pentadbiran dan raja tempatan mereka sendiri. Mereka diikat melalui sumpah setia kepada Maharaja Srivijaya, hubungan naungan, dan keuntungan material yang sangat besar daripada rangkaian perdagangan global yang diuruskan bersama. Selagi Kedah taat dan menyerahkan ufti serta berkongsi keuntungan ekonomi, Srivijaya memang bagi kebebasan untuk kota pelabuhan itu berkembang pesat.

Kenapa Maharaja Srivijaya Digelar "Raja Kedah"?

Kedudukan geografi Kedah Tua sebagai pintu gerbang paling hadapan kemaharajaan Srivijaya untuk dunia Barat melahirkan satu fenomena sejarah yang sangat menarik. Bagi para pedagang Tamil dari India Selatan (terutamanya dari kerajaan Chola), tempat pertama yang mereka akan singgah lepas merentasi Teluk Benggala ialah Pelabuhan Kedah Tua, bukannya Palembang. Interaksi yang tersangat rancak di pelabuhan utara inilah yang membentuk persepsi orang-orang India terhadap penguasa Nusantara.
Dalam pelbagai prasasti Chola dan kesusasteraan Tamil, mereka hampir tak membezakan terus identiti antara Kedah dengan Srivijaya.

Mereka menggelar penguasa agung Srivijaya dari wangsa Sailendra sebagai Raja Kadaram (Kedah) atau Kadāratta-raiyan. Hal ini terbukti daripada Prasasti Leyden Agung (1005 M) yang menyebut Sri Mara Vijayottunggavarman, Raja Srivijaya, sebagai "Raja Kataha dan Srivijaya". Fenomena ini sebenarnya perkara biasa dalam sejarah; orang selalunya cenderung namakan sesuatu entiti besar berasaskan nama wilayah atau bangsa pertama yang mereka jumpa di sempadan. Disebabkan Kedah ialah 'wajah' Srivijaya yang menghadap terus ke arah India, jadi bagi wangsa Chola, penguasa lautan itu tidak lain tidak bukan ialah Raja Kedah Tua.

Serangan dari Selatan India dan Era Kemerosotan

Kejayaan kerajaan kembar ini akhirnya mengundang padah. Cukai pelabuhan yang tinggi serta monopoli mutlak Srivijaya ke atas Selat Melaka menimbulkan rasa tidak puas hati yang mendalam dalam kalangan persatuan pedagang Tamil. Kemuncaknya, pada tahun 1025 Masihi, Raja Rajendra Chola I dari Kerajaan Chola di India Selatan telah melancarkan serangan laut secara besar-besaran (ekspedisi armada tentera) untuk melumpuhkan monopoli Srivijaya. Kedah Tua, sebagai pangkalan terdepan, jadi antara sasaran utama yang dimusnahkan secara teruk, sebelum disusuli dengan penjarahan ibu kota Palembang. Maharaja Sanggrama Vijayottunggavarman dari Srivijaya sendiri pun sempat ditawan dalam serangan yang cukup memusnahkan ini.

Serangan Chola telah melemahkan Srivijaya, sehingga wilayah-wilayah mandala seperti Kedah Tua, Ligor, dan Tambralinga mula melepaskan diri dari pengaruh Palembang. Walaupun Kedah Tua dan Srivijaya akhirnya kian pudar, warisan sistem pentadbiran maritim, undang-undang perdagangan pelabuhan, dan bahasa Melayu yang mereka gunakan bersama telah menjadi asas kukuh yang kemudiannya diwarisi oleh Kesultanan Melayu Melaka dan kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu-Islam yang lain.

Sumber Rujukan:
  1. Roland Braddell - The Study Of Ancient Times In The Malay Peninsula
  2. Pierre-Yves Manguin - State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500-1500 CE
  3. Nasha Rodziadi Khaw, dkk. - Kedah Tua: Satu Cerakinan Sumber India. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia
  4. Paul Wheatley - The Golden Khersonese
  5. O.W. Wolters - Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya
  6. Sejarah Kita Podcast - Pasca Srivijaya: Dinamika Agama, Kuasa, Budaya & Perdagangan di Alam Melayu (YouTube)
C&P
24 Julai 2026:9.26 a.m