Saturday, 28 February 2026

MAT KELUBI Pahlawan yang dilupakan

MENGKAJI sejarah perjuangan gerakan menentang campur tangan Inggeris dalam pemerintahan negeri Pahang pada hujung abad ke-19, ia tidak lengkap jika tidak disertai dengan cerita penglibatan seorang pahlawan bernama Mat Kelubi.
Mat Kelubi ialah pahlawan yang mati dalam perjuangannya.
Beberapa tahun selepas Sultan Ahmad Al-Muadzam Shah (1836-1914) terpaksa menandatangani perjanjian pada tahun 1888 meminta British memberi perlindungan ke atas Pahang seperti mana perlindungan yang diberikan ke atas Perak, Selangor dan Sungai Ujong, Negeri Sembilan, pergolakan tercetus di Pahang.
John P. Rodger dilantik sebagai Residen Inggeris pertama di Pahang dan bermulalah campur tangan Inggeris secara langsung dalam hal-hal pentadbiran, politik dan ekonomi negeri Pahang.
Di Perak pada tahun 1875, seorang Residen Inggeris, J.W.W. Birch telah mati dibunuh.
Selepas 13 tahun peristiwa pembunuhan di Pasir Salak, Perak, cengkaman Inggeris semakin kuat di Tanah Melayu. Sultan Ahmad tidak mampu lagi menolak walaupun para pembesar Pahang seperti Datuk Bahaman, Maharaja Perba Jelai (Tok Raja), Datuk Orang Kaya Chenor dan Imam Perang Indera Gajah (Tok Gajah) meminta baginda menolak permintaan Inggeris dan bersedia berperang dengan Inggeris.
Dalam gerakan menentang Inggeris, Mat Kelubi atau Mamat Kelubi ialah seorang pengikut setia Dato Bahaman, Tok Gajah serta anaknya Mat Kilau.
Kesetiaan Mat Kelubi bermula semasa Dato Bahaman, Orang Kaya Semantan, dilantik oleh Sultan Ahmad sebagai Orang Besar Daerah dengan kuasa pentadbiran di Sungai Semantan, Temerloh hingga ke Jeram, Bentong. Dato Bahaman telah melantik Mat Kelubi sebagai panglimanya sendiri.
Dengan pelantikan itu, Mat Kelubi bertanggungjawab sebagai ‘Kapit’ (pengawal peribadi) kepada Dato Bahaman. Nama sebenar Mat Kelubi ialah Awang Ahmad dan dia merupakan anak saudara Tok Gajah.
Ertinya Mat Kelubi ialah sepupu Mat Kilau, seorang pahlawan terkenal Pahang yang dilahirkan pada tahun 1865, terlibat dalam gerakan menentang Inggeris dan menyembunyikan identitinya sehingga tahun 1969 pada usia 104 tahun.
Pada awal pergolakan di Pahang setelah kedatangan Inggeris, Mat Kelubi hampir membunuh seorang pegawai Inggeris yang terlibat dalam satu pergaduhan dengan Dato Bahaman pada Oktober 1891 ekoran keengganan Dato Bahaman membenarkan Inggeris membuka lombong bijih di Semantan.
Bagaimanapun, tindakan Mat Kelubi itu dilarang oleh Dato Bahaman yang tidak mahu persengketaan berlarutan.
Mengutip cukai
Dato Bahaman juga marah dengan perbuatan Penguasa Inggeris di Hulu Pahang, E.A. Wise mendirikan balai polis di Lubuk Terua, Lanchang yang merupakan daerah kekuasaannya sebagai Orang Besar Semantan. Inggeris tidak lagi membenarkan Dato Bahaman mengutip cukai hasil hutan.
Ahli sejarah, Buyong Adil menulis dalam buku Sejarah Pahang bahawa pada tahun 1891, penduduk negeri Pahang terdiri daripada 50,509 orang Melayu, 3,241 orang Cina, 2,032 Orang Asli dan 102 orang Eropah.
Mengikut kajian riwayat Dato Bahaman oleh Noriah Sulong daripada Universiti Malaya, gerakan menentang Inggeris di Pahang berlarutan antara tahun 1891 hingga 1894.
Pada tahap kedua perjuangan pahlawan Pahang menentang campur tangan Inggeris, para pemimpin yang digelar pemberontak Pahang telah berpindah ke Terengganu dan Kelantan. Di Terengganu, Mat Kelubi dan pejuang Pahang bertemu dengan seorang ulama bernama Ungku Saiyid Paloh.
Bantuan Saiyid Paloh seramai 200 orang dari Besut, Terengganu serta Ulu Lebir, Kelantan telah bergabung tenaga dengan angkatan Pahang bersama Dato Bahaman, Tok Gajah, Mat Kilau, Awang Nong dan Teh Ibrahim. Mat Kelubi sebagai pengikut yang setia turut balik berjuang di Pahang.
Setelah melalui sempadan Terengganu-Pahang, pada 12 Jun 1894 mereka menghilir perahu di Sungai Tembeling hingga ke Pasir Tambang, Jerantut.
Di Pasir Tambang, mereka menyerang balai Polis Kuala Tembeling, membunuh lima orang polis Sikh yang ditempatkan oleh Inggeris untuk berkawal di situ.
Bagaimanapun, salah seorang daripada anggota polis Sikh yang dikenali sebagai Ram Singh dapat melarikan diri menaiki perahu hanyut menghilir Sungai Pahang sampai ke Pulau Tawar. Ram Singh menceritakan penyerangan balai polis Kuala Tembeling kepada Orang Besar Pulau Tawar yang menyebelahi Inggeris.
Berikutan kejadian itu, satu pertemuan antara Dato Bahaman, Tok Gajah, Mat Kilau dan Mat Lela di pihak penentang Inggeris dengan Tok Raja serta Panglima Garang Yusof yang bersimpati dengan Inggeris diadakan di Kampung Kedondong, Pulau Tawar untuk mencari jalan penyelesaian kepada persengketaan ekoran campur tangan Inggeris.
Mat Kelubi tidak menyertai pertemuan tersebut. Dia sebaliknya tinggal berkawal di Kuala Tembeling bersama lebih 50 orang pengikutnya.
Setelah gagal dalam perundingan dengan Tok Raja dan Panglima Garang Yusof, Dato Bahaman, Tok Gajah, Mat Kilau serta Mat Lela mudik balik ke Kuala Tembeling. Dalam perjalanan mereka bertempur di kubu Inggeris di Jeram Ampai, dan dapat membunuh 11 orang polis Sikh.
Mat Kelubi pula dengan enam orang pengikutnya mudik Sungai Jelai untuk menyekat tersebarnya berita kejatuhan balai polis Kuala Tembeling kepada pegawai Inggeris di Lipis yang ketika itu merupakan ibu negeri Pahang. Ketika itu Mat Kelubi tidak mengetahui kumpulan Dato Bahaman telah pulang dari Pulau Tawar dan berperang di Jeram Ampai.
Dalam buku Sejarah Pahang, Buyong Adil menjelaskan, pertempuran di Jeram Ampai mengorbankan 40 orang pengikut Dato Bahaman.
Dalam perkelahian di Jeram Ampai itu, pihak Inggeris juga telah kehilangan seorang pegawai kanannya, Wise, yang terbunuh dan mayatnya dikebumikan di Pasir Tambang, Kuala Tembeling.
Empat hari kemudian, semasa menaiki perahu di Sungai Tembeling bersama tiga orang pengikutnya pada 16 Jun 1894, Mat Kelubi pula telah diserang hendap oleh kumpulan pengikut Panglima Garang Yusof yang diupah oleh Inggeris.
Mat Kelubi terkena tembakan senapang. Dia terjun ke dalam sungai. Panglima Garang Yusof turut terjun ke dalam sungai dan menikam Mat Kelubi bertubi-tubi sehingga mati.
Sepupu pahlawan Mat Kilau itu berasal dari Kampung Pedah, Jerantut. Mat Kelubi berkahwin dengan Hawa dan memperoleh seorang anak bernama Awang.
Menurut cucu Mat Kelubi, Jalaluddin Awang yang ditemui penulis dua tahun lalu, ayahnya Awang telah berkahwin dengan Lehah. Mereka memperoleh lima orang anak bernama Hindun, Rashid, Habsah, Ropiah dan Jalaluddin.
Kata Jalaluddin yang sudah pun meninggal dunia pada usia 77 tahun pada Mac tahun lalu, ibunya pernah bercerita, datuknya Mat Kelubi telah mati ditembak oleh orang Melayu yang menjadi musuhnya ketika berperahu di sungai.
“Mat Kelubi terjatuh ke dalam sungai, kepalanya dikerat, manakala badannya tanpa kepala telah hanyut di Sungai Pahang lalu terdampar pada pasir di Pulau Dedari, Kampung Pedah, Jerantut,” kata Jalaluddin dalam satu wawancara dengan penulis.
Mayat
Orang kampung yang menjumpai dan mengenali Mat Kelubi membawa mayatnya untuk dikebumikan di perkuburan Kampung Lama Pedah.
Menurut Jalaluddin, sehingga kini kubur datuknya itu terletak berhampiran tiang masjid kampung tersebut dengan ditandakan menggunakan nisan batu sungai.
Wise, pegawai Inggeris yang terbunuh dalam pertempuran dengan orang Bahaman di Jeram Ampai, Sungai Tembeling, pernah menjadi Pegawai Daerah Temerloh antara tahun 1889-1891.
Pusara Wise terletak di atas bukit dikenali sebagai Bukit Gemuroh di pinggir Sungai Pahang di Pasir Tambang berhadapan pekan kecil Kuala Tembeling.
Di samping pusara Wise, terdapat sebuah lagi pusara dipercayai kubur seorang pegawai Inggeris yang tidak dikenali kerana tidak ada petunjuk pada batu nisannya.
Pasir Tambang menjadi tempat yang mencatatkan sejarah perjuangan pahlawan Pahang menentang Inggeris dan menjadi lokasi pertemuan para pembesar Pahang membawa balik Sultan Pahang Era Moden pertama, Sultan Ahmad dari Dungun, Terengganu ke Pahang.
Menurut Hikayat Pahang, iaitu cerita tradisi persejarahan Pahang dan juga tulisan tokoh sejarah Muhamad Yusoff Hashim dan Aruna Gopinath, bertempat di Pasir Tambang inilah Wan Ahmad menerima ikrar, sumpah setia serta pengakuan taat setia kepada Raja oleh orang besar-besar Pahang.
Wan Ahmad yang kemudian menjadi Sultan diceritakan telah bertitah kepada sekian orang-orang besar dengan menunjukkan perasaan tulus ikhlas serta menerima kasih dengan suara lemah lembut dan manisnya. Titah baginda: “Sebagai Raja, insya-Allah Taala, saya akan balas kebaktian sekian datuk-datuk.”
Diceritakan kononnya selepas pertempuran pada 16 Jun 1894, kepala Mat Kelubi telah dibawa ke Lipis untuk ditunjukkan kepada Inggeris sebagai bukti telah dibunuh.
Hanya badan tanpa kepala yang dipercayai Mat Kelubi dikatakan ditanam di Masjid Kampung Pedah iaitu kuburnya sekarang.
*Dipetik dari akhbar Utusan
Copy and paste: dari Facebook Kebangkitan Bani Jawi (Nusantara)
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Extract From: Gemini AI
Mat Kelubi (real name Awang Ahmad) was a 19th-century Malay warrior from Pahang who fought against British colonial intervention during the Pahang Uprising (1891–1895). While he is sometimes overshadowed by more famous figures like Mat Kilau, he was a key lieutenant and a "forgotten hero" of the resistance.

Key Facts and Role
  • Background: He was the nephew of the high-ranking nobleman Tok Gajah and the cousin of the legendary warrior Mat Kilau. He originated from Kampung Pedah in Jerantut, Pahang.
  • Military Role: He served as a commander (panglima) and personal bodyguard (kapit) to Dato’ Bahaman, the primary leader of the Semantan revolt.
  • Key Combat: In June 1894, he led a successful ambush at Pasir Tambang (near Sungai Tembeling), where his forces killed five Sikh police officers serving the British administration.
  • The Secret Oath: According to historical accounts, he was one of seven individuals (including Mat Kilau and Dato’ Bahaman) who took a secret oath in Kelantan to never reveal their true identities to the public—a vow they kept for decades to avoid British capture.
Death
Mat Kelubi's life ended in battle. In June 1894, shortly after the attack at Pasir Tambang, he was killed during a skirmish at Sungai Tembeling. Unlike his cousin Mat Kilau, who lived into the 20th century in hiding, Mat Kelubi died as a martyr during the height of the resistance.

Update:
28/2/2026: 6.44 p.m

Friday, 27 February 2026

ARTHUR CHARLES ALFRED NORMAN - BRITISH MALAYA ARCHITECT


Arthur Charles Alfred Norman (1858–1944), commonly known as A.C. Norman, was one of the most influential British architects in colonial Malaya. Serving as the Government Architect for the Selangor Public Works Department (PWD) from 1890 to 1903, he was instrumental in shaping the historic skyline of Kuala Lumpur.

While he is often credited with the city's most iconic landmarks, historical records suggest his role was frequently that of a senior supervisor, with much of the creative "Indo-Saracenic" (Mughal-Eclectic) flair coming from his talented subordinates.

Key Works in Kuala Lumpur
Most of Norman's contributions are centered around the Padang (now Merdeka Square), the administrative heart of British Malaya.

BuildingYearArchitectural StyleCurrent Use
Sultan Abdul Samad Building1897Indo-SaracenicMinistry of Tourism, Arts & Culture
St. Mary's Cathedral1894Early English GothicAnglican Cathedral
Royal Selangor Club1890Mock Tudor (Original)Social Club (Rebuilt later)
Old Victoria Institution1894Victorian GothicNational Heritage Building
National Textile Museum1905Indo-SaracenicMuseum (Formerly Railway Offices)
Old High Court1880sNeo-ClassicalDemolished (Site of Menara Maybank)

The "Credit" Controversy
Historians, most notably J.M. Gullick, have pointed out a "clash of credits" regarding Norman’s legacy.
  • Seniority vs. Design: As the Government Architect, Norman's signature appeared on nearly all official plans. However, the distinct Indo-Saracenic style (onion domes, horseshoe arches, and copper cupolas) seen in the Sultan Abdul Samad Building is largely attributed to his assistants, Arthur Benison Hubback and R.A.J. Bidwell, under the direction of State Engineer Charles Edwin Spooner.
  • Personal Style: Norman’s "true" personal style was more aligned with traditional English architecture, such as the Neo-Gothic design of St. Mary’s Cathedral, which is widely accepted as his own handiwork.
  • Retirement: In 1903, Norman was compulsorily retired on grounds of "inefficiency"—a move some historians believe was politically motivated or due to his struggle to keep pace with the more innovative younger architects like Hubback.
Biography at a Glance
Born: 1858, Plymouth, England.
Training: Apprenticed under his father, Alfred Norman (an architect), and later worked for the Borough Engineer of Plymouth.
Career in Malaya: Arrived in 1883. He rose from a Draughtsman to Government Architect of Selangor.
Later Life: Returned to England in 1904. He continued practicing in Plymouth and was eventually elected President of the Devon Architectural Society in 1928.
Died: October 17, 1944, at the age of 86.

Hj Zulheimy Maamor
Lembah Keramat, KL
27/2/2026: 3.08 p.m

Monday, 23 February 2026

1943: THE PHILADELPHIA EXPERIMENT


The "Philadelphia Experiment" is one of the most enduring urban legends in military history. It’s a wild mix of World War II secrecy, fringe science, and some truly gruesome horror elements.

While the story is widely considered a hoax by historians and the U.S. Navy, it remains a favorite for conspiracy theorists. Here is the breakdown of the legend versus the likely reality.

The Legend: "Project Rainbow"
According to the story, on October 28, 1943, the U.S. Navy conducted a secret test at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard using the destroyer escort USS Eldridge.
  • The Goal: To apply Albert Einstein’s "Unified Field Theory" to make the ship invisible to enemy radar and the naked eye.
  • The Event: Witnesses claimed a "greenish fog" enveloped the ship. Suddenly, the Eldridge vanished and was reportedly seen moments later at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Virginia (over 200 miles away) before "teleporting" back to Philadelphia.
  • The Horror: When the ship reappeared, the crew allegedly suffered terrifying side effects. Some went insane, others "faded" in and out of existence, and most famously, some were said to have been physically fused into the steel hull of the ship.
The Reality: Facts vs. Fiction
The story didn't actually surface until 1955, when a man named Carl M. Allen (writing under the pseudonym Carlos Miguel Allende) sent a series of strange, annotated letters to UFO researcher Morris Jessup.

MythHistorical Fact
Invisibility/TeleportationThe Navy was actually using degaussing, a process that uses electrical cables to "scramble" a ship's magnetic signature, making it "invisible" to magnetic mines—not the human eye.
The USS EldridgeOfficial logs show the Eldridge wasn't even in Philadelphia in October 1943; it was in New York and then on its way to the Bahamas for sea trials.
Teleportation to NorfolkIn the 1940s, the Navy used a "hidden" inland canal that allowed ships to travel between Philadelphia and Norfolk in just a few hours, bypassing the open ocean where U-boats lurked. This likely fueled the "instant" travel rumors.
The Fused CrewNo medical records or crew testimonials support this. In 1999, surviving crew members of the Eldridge held a reunion and laughed off the story, noting that they were never even in Philadelphia during the dates in question.

Why the Story Persists
The legend lives on because it touches on real-world anxieties: government secrecy, the "mad scientist" trope, and the genuine weirdness of wartime tech.

The "green glow" mentioned in the stories may have been a real phenomenon called St. Elmo’s Fire, a type of luminous plasma discharge that can occur around ships during electrical storms or when high-voltage equipment (like degaussing coils) is in use.

Google Gemini AI
23/2/2026: 2.34 p.m




1947: ROSWELL INCIDENT


The Roswell incident of 1947 is perhaps the most famous "UFO" event in history. While it began as a minor news story about a weather balloon, it has since evolved into a massive cultural legend involving alien bodies, government cover-ups, and advanced technology.

The Roswell incident took place amid the flying disc craze of 1947, sparked by widespread media coverage of pilot Kenneth Arnold's alleged sighting. 

What Actually Happened (The Timeline)
  • June 1947: A rancher named W.W. "Mac" Brazel found strange debris (rubber strips, tinfoil, tough paper, and balsa wood sticks) on his property near Roswell, New Mexico.
  • July 8, 1947: The Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) issued a stunning press release stating they had "captured" a "flying disc." This made international headlines.
  • July 9, 1947: The military quickly retracted the statement, claiming the object was actually just a weather balloon with a radar target.
  • 1947–1978: The story virtually disappeared from public consciousness for 30 years.
  • 1978–Present: Interest was reignited when UFO researchers interviewed Major Jesse Marcel, who claimed the debris he recovered was "not of this world." This led to a wave of books, movies, and the introduction of "alien bodies" into the narrative.
The Two Versions: Legend vs. Reality

FeatureThe UFO LegendThe Official Explanation
ObjectAn extraterrestrial spacecraft.A top-secret Project Mogul balloon.
Material"Memory metal" and "hieroglyphics."Balsa wood, tinfoil, and floral-patterned tape.
The "Bodies"Grey aliens recovered by the military.Likely a mix of crash test dummies (from later 1950s tests) and misremembered events.
The Cover-upTo hide the existence of aliens.To hide a Cold War spy project designed to detect Soviet nuclear tests.

Why the Confusion?
The "cover-up" was real, but it wasn't about aliens. In 1994, the Air Force declassified Project Mogul. This project used long "trains" of balloons carrying sensitive microphones into the upper atmosphere to listen for the sound waves of Soviet atomic bomb tests.

Because the project was Top Secret, the military couldn't tell the public what the debris actually was. They chose the "weather balloon" excuse as a simple lie to protect national security. Ironically, this lie fueled decades of speculation that they were hiding something far more "galactic."

The Cultural Impact
Today, Roswell is a hub for UFO tourism. Whether you believe in the "Mogul" explanation or the extraterrestrial one, the incident changed how we think about the government and the possibility of life beyond Earth.


PROJECT MOGUL
Project Mogul was a top-secret Cold War mission that inadvertently birthed the modern UFO movement. While the public was told "weather balloon," the reality was a sophisticated eavesdropping operation aimed at the Soviet Union.

The Mission: Listening for the "Big Bang"
In 1947, the U.S. had a monopoly on nuclear weapons, but they knew the Soviets were catching up. The problem was how to detect a nuclear test on the other side of the world without being there.

Geophysicist Maurice Ewing theorized that a "deep sound channel" existed in the upper atmosphere, similar to one he discovered in the ocean. He believed that sound waves from a massive explosion would travel thousands of miles through this channel. Project Mogul was designed to put microphones in that channel to listen for Soviet atomic blasts.

Why It Looked Like a "UFO"
If you stumbled upon a Project Mogul crash site in 1947, you wouldn't see a standard weather balloon. You would see a "balloon train"—a bizarre, 600-foot-long string of equipment that looked like science fiction:
  • Dozens of Balloons: Instead of one balloon, Mogul used clusters of neoprene rubber balloons (and later, giant polyethylene plastic ones).
  • Radar Reflectors: These were multi-sided, kitelike structures made of silver-colored foil and balsa wood. They were designed to help ground radar track the balloon's position.
  • "The Hieroglyphics": One of the most famous parts of the Roswell legend is the "alien writing" on the debris. In reality, the balsa wood frames for the radar reflectors were reinforced with floral-patterned adhesive tape manufactured by a toy company in New York. To a confused rancher in the desert, this purple-pink floral design looked like cryptic extraterrestrial symbols.
The Cover-Up (The "White Lie")
The military faced a dilemma when the debris was found:
  1. If they told the truth: They would reveal a Top Secret project to the Soviets, tipping them off that the U.S. could monitor their nuclear progress.
  2. If they said nothing: The "flying disc" rumors would spin out of control.
They chose a middle ground: they admitted it was a balloon but claimed it was a standard weather balloon. This was a "white lie" that satisfied the press at the time but left enough holes in the story for conspiracy theorists to drive a truck through decades later.

Declassification
Project Mogul remained classified until 1994, when the Air Force released a massive report in response to a Congressional inquiry. The report concluded that NYU Flight 4, launched on June 4, 1947, was the most likely source of the Roswell debris. It had gone missing, and its projected flight path put it right over Mac Brazel’s ranch.

Google Gemini AI
23 February 2026: 1.12 p.m


Saturday, 21 February 2026

PROF.DR. BILL M.MAK : MALAY AND JAPANESE CIVILISATION


It sounds like there might be a slight mix-up of timelines and identities here, but you’ve tapped into a truly fascinating niche of historical linguistics!

While Prof. Dr. Bill M. Mak is a very real and distinguished contemporary scholar—specializing in the history of astronomy and the transmission of knowledge between South Asia and East Asia—he wasn't active in 1939. However, the connection you're highlighting between Ōe no Masafusa and early Malay-Japanese contact is a significant historical "breadcrumb."

Here is a breakdown to help clarify the history and the scholarship:

The 11th Century Connection
Ōe no Masafusa (1041–1111) was a high-ranking court official and scholar during the Heian period. He is famous for recording various anecdotes and observations about the world outside of Japan in his works, such as the Gōdanshō.
  • The "Malay" Link: Masafusa wrote about a country called Kunchi (or Konchi). Scholars often identify this as Kan-chih, which is believed to refer to the Malay Peninsula or a specific Malay kingdom (possibly in the area of modern-day Kedah or the Isthmus of Kra).
  • The Record: This is indeed considered one of the earliest Japanese references to the Malay world. It suggests that even in the 11th century, knowledge of Southeast Asian maritime trade was reaching the Japanese elite, likely via Chinese maritime silk road networks.
The 20th Century Scholarship
The year 1939 likely refers to when a Japanese scholar (perhaps the linguist Shinmura Izuru, who did extensive work on the history of Japanese contact with the West and Southeast Asia) published a study on these specific Heian-period records.

Modern Scholarship: Dr. Bill M. Mak
Today, Dr. Bill M. Mak continues this tradition of tracing cross-cultural exchanges. While he focuses heavily on how Indian science and astral lore moved into China and Japan, his work often touches on the same maritime routes that linked Japan to the Malay world.

Comparison of Eras

EntityRole / PeriodSignificance
Ōe no MasafusaHeian Scholar (11th Century)First to record the name of a "Malay" entity in Japanese texts.
Malay CivilizationSrivijaya/Early KingdomsActive in maritime trade, providing the "Kunchi" goods Masafusa noted.
Bill M. MakContemporary ProfessorExpert in the transmission of ancient knowledge across these same regions.

It’s incredible to think that while the Heian court was focusing on poetry and ceremony, they were already curious about the "Southern Seas."

OE NO MASAFUSA : KUNCHI OR KONCHI
In the 11th century, the court of the Heian period was highly sophisticated, and its members were obsessed with the "aesthetic of scent" and luxury. Ōe no Masafusa was a key observer of this culture, and his notes provide a rare window into how the Malay world—though geographically distant—contributed to the daily lives of the Japanese elite.

The "Kunchi" Mystery
The term Kunchi (or Konchi) likely stems from the Chinese transcription Kan-chih. Historians believe this refers to the Isthmus of Kra or the Kedah region on the Malay Peninsula. During this time, the Srivijaya Empire (which controlled much of the Malay world) was the dominant maritime power.

Masafusa’s records suggest that while Japanese ships weren't yet sailing to the Malay Peninsula, "Kunchi" goods were arriving in Japan via Chinese merchants from the Song Dynasty.

The Goods: "Scents from the Southern Seas"
The Heian nobility practiced Takimono (incense blending), where they competed to create the most divine scents. The Malay world was the primary source for the "Exotic Three":
  1. Agarwood (Gaharu): Known in Japan as Jinkō (sinking incense). The highest quality agarwood was believed to come from the tropical forests of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. It was valued more than gold.
  2. Camphor (Kapur Barus): Highly prized for its cooling scent and medicinal properties. The name Barus comes from a port in Sumatra, which was a major Malay trading hub.
  3. Spices (Cloves & Nutmeg): While used sparingly in food, these were vital components in medicinal pastes and sachets (Nioibukuro) worn by aristocrats to scent their robes.
Historical Context of the 11th Century

CommodityMalay/Sanskrit NameJapanese NameUse in Heian Court
AgarwoodAguru / GaharuJinkō (沈香)Burned during poetry contests; used in the "Burning of the Incense" ceremony.
CamphorKapurRyūnō (竜脳)Used to preserve scrolls and add a "sharp" note to incense blends.
ClovesCengkihChōji (丁子)Used as a moth repellent for silk kimonos and as a breath freshener.

Why this matters
These records prove that the Malay world was the "pharmacy and perfumery" of East Asia. For scholars like Ōe no Masafusa, "Kunchi" was a land of legend and luxury—a place that provided the raw materials for the very refined culture we see in classics like The Tale of Genji.


This video provides broader historical context on the early Malay polities and their trade networks, which helps explain how goods reached the Japanese court in the 11th century.

Google Gemini AI
21/2/2026: 3.01 p.m

DOES PRINCESS HANG LI PO REALLY EXIST?


The short answer is: It depends on who you ask. While she is a foundational figure in Malaysian history and Peranakan culture, her existence is a subject of intense debate between literary tradition and historical records.

Here is the breakdown of the evidence (and lack thereof):

1. The Case for "Legend" (Literary Sources)
Princess Hang Li Po is most famously documented in the Sejarah Melayu (The Malay Annals), written in the 17th century.
  • The Story: According to the Annals, the Ming Emperor of China sent his daughter, Hang Li Po, to Malacca to marry Sultan Mansur Shah (reigned 1459–1477) to cement diplomatic ties.
  • The Legacy: She reportedly arrived with 500 attendants. The Sultan gave them a hill for their settlement, now known as Bukit Cina in Malacca. This event is often cited as the origin of the Baba Nyonya (Peranakan) community.
  • Physical Landmarks: To this day, you can visit Hang Li Po’s Well (Perigi Raja) in Malacca, which was said to be built for her.
2. The Case for "Myth" (Historical Gaps)
Modern historians, most notably the late Professor Khoo Kay Kim, have argued that she may be a mythical figure rather than a historical one for several reasons:
  • Lack of Chinese Records: The Ming Shi-lu (Imperial Records of the Ming Dynasty) are incredibly detailed, logging even minor diplomatic gifts. However, there is no mention of a "Princess Hang Li Po" or any Ming princess being sent to Malacca.
  • Imperial Policy: During the Ming Dynasty, it was highly unusual for an Emperor to send a biological daughter (a "Princess of the Blood") to marry a foreign ruler. If a woman was sent, she was usually a court lady or a concubine given a title for the occasion.
  • Conflicting Timelines: Portuguese records from the early 1500s (like the Suma Oriental) mention a Chinese girl who married a Sultan of Malacca, but they place her with a different ruler (Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah) and describe her as a woman of "non-royal rank."
3. The Middle Ground: Who Was She?
Many historians believe the story is semi-historical. She may not have been a "Princess" in the literal sense, but rather:
  • A Diplomatic Gift: A high-ranking court maiden or the daughter of a prominent Chinese official sent to Malacca to represent the Emperor’s favor.
  • A Cultural Symbol: A literary device used by the authors of the Sejarah Melayu to elevate the prestige of the Malacca Sultanate by showing that even the Great Emperor of China recognized its power.

Summary

AspectEvidence for ExistenceEvidence Against
Written RecordsDetailed accounts in Sejarah Melayu.Zero mention in Ming Dynasty imperial logs.
Physical EvidenceBukit Cina and Hang Li Po’s Well.No contemporary 15th-century inscriptions.
Cultural ImpactRegarded as the "mother" of Peranakan culture.Likely a court lady/concubine, not a "Princess."
Whether she was a biological princess or a symbolic diplomat, her "existence" in the Malaysian national identity is very real. She represents the centuries-old friendship and cultural blending between China and the Malay world.

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