Monday, 29 June 2026

Sumber-Sumber Mengenai Melaka pada Zaman Portugis [1726-1800]

BOOK CLUB “SUMBER HISTORIOGRAFI ALAM MELAYU (KOLEKSI PERIBADI JOHN BASTIN)

bersama Prof. Dr. Tatiana Denisova

SESI KETIGA| 9hb FEBRUARI 2020 | ONLINE

Renungan dan Rumusan oleh Siti Nor Aisyah Ngadiran (Pelajar PhD RZS-CASIS)

Bagi sesi ketiga ini, Prof Dr. Tatiana Denisova telah membincangkan bahagian II buku ini yang diberi tajuk ‘Melaka’, iaitu tajuk yang disenaraikan dalam bahagian II katalog Koleksi John Bastin
Terdapat sebanyak 126 buah penerbitan dalam koleksi ini. Merujuk kepada penerbitan yang terawal iaitu pada tahun 1726, yang ditulis oleh seorang tokoh Reformasi gereja Belanda, Francios Valentijn Beschrijving van Malakka (Penggambaran Melaka), buku ini mengandungi maklumat tentang geografi, orang Melayu dan bahasa Melayu. Manakala penerbitan terakhir iaitu pada tahun 1993 menunjukkan bahawa koleksi ini mengandungi bahan-bahan yang diterbitkan dalam tempoh 267 tahun iaitu suatu tempoh yang lama bagi sesuatu subjek. Hal ini membuktikan bahawa Melaka adalah subjek kajian yang sangat penting dan sejarah mengenainya menarik perhatian banyak orientalis, pegawai Kompeni Inggeris dan Belanda serta para misionari Kristian sejak kurun ke-18 sehingga 20. Antara pengarang yang terkenal termasuklah W. P. Groeneveldt, E. Netscher, Lord Yoselyn, Francios Valentijn, William John Townsend dan lain-lain.Old, antique bird’s-eye view plan of Malacca, by FranΓ§ois Valentyn (Valentijn).

Prof Tatiana mengklasifikasikan sumber-sumber mengenai Melaka kepada beberapa bahagian utama iaitu klasifikasi mengikut tempoh tahun penerbitan, pengarang, isi dan subjek utama yang terdapat dalam koleksi tersebut. Bagi klasifikasi mengikut tahun penerbitan, beliau merumuskan sumber mengikut tempoh tahun tertentu yang bermula daripada awal abad ke-18 iaitu merujuk kepada penerbitan terawal pada tahun 1726 sehingga tahun 1800. Kemudian diikuti tahun berikutnya iaitu tahun 1800 – 1850, 1851 – 1900, 1901 – 1930, 1931 – 1960, dan 1961 – 1993. Manakala klasifikasi sumber mengikut pengarang pula dikhususkan kepada pengarang-pengarang tertentu mengikut bidang kepakaran masing-masing dan jumlah penerbitan mereka. 
Antaranya termasuklah Sir Richard O. Winstedt (1878 – 1966) yang merupakan seorang ilmuan Inggeris, orientalis, sejarawan dan pegawai pentadbiran penjajahan Inggeris di Malaya. Begitu juga dengan J. V. Mills (pakar dalam bidang toponimi dan kartografi zaman purba), C. O. Blagden (ilmuan Inggeris, orientalis, pakar dalam bidang Bahasa dan sastera lama Melayu) dan lain-lain. Selain itu tidak kurang juga pengarang bagi golongan misionari dan tokoh agama Kristian yang turut terkandung dalam katalog Koleksi John Bastin seperti G. E. Marrison (1782 – 1834), Francios Valentijn (1666 – 1727), Revd. John Smith, T. J. Hardy dan lain-lain. Malah terdapat juga sumber-sumber dalam koleksi John Bastin yang mengkaji sejarah kegiatan para misionari tersebut dan penyebaran agama Kristian di alam Melayu seperti B. Harrison, M. J. Pintado, W. J. Townsend dan lain-lain.

Selain itu Prof Tatiana turut memberi penekanan tentang kecenderungan John Bastin yang banyak merujuk kepada sumber-sumber Eropah sahaja. Hal ini adalah berdasarkan kebanyakan judul-judul yang terkandung dalam koleksi John Bastin ini mengandungi bahan-bahan tentang orang Eropah di Melaka dan tentang zaman penjajahan dari sudut pandangan para penjajah sahaja. 
Begitu juga dengan penerbitan ilmiah moden yang juga berdasarkan sumber-sumber Eropah sahaja. Malah antara 126 judul buku-buku tentang Melaka yang disebutkan dalam katalog ini hanya terdapat 10 buku yang dikarang oleh orang Cina dan 3 tajuk yang dikarang oleh pengarang Muslim. Kenyataan ini selari dengan bahagian 1 koleksi ini yang mencatatkan nisbah penerbitan yang dikarang oleh orang Muslim hanya 7 karya sahaja berbanding 60 penerbitan yang terdapat dalam bahagian tersebut. Perkara ini juga menurut Prof Tatiana merupakan situasi yang sama terdapat dalam kajian para orientalis Barat secara umum. Malah menurut Prof lagi, karya tentang tamadun Islam di Melaka dan zaman kerajaan Melayu Melaka juga tidak ditemui dalam koleksi John Bastin tersebut.

Seterusnya semua penerbitan ini juga diklasifikasikan berdasarkan subjek-subjek tertentu seperti sejarah, agama, penduduk Melaka, tamadun sastera, bahasa dan lain-lain. Walaubagaimanapun kebanyakan buku-buku yang ada itu adalah mengenai orang Eropah di Melaka (72 judul daripada 120), mengenai agama Kristian dan kegiatan para mubaligh Kristian di Melaka (28 judul). Manakala bagi penulisan tentang orang Muslim Melayu pula hanya terdapat satu makalah kecil sahaja mengenainya dan hanya 8 judul sahaja tentang zaman kerajaan Melayu Melaka. Justeru Prof menekankan sekali lagi tentang kecenderungan John Bastin yang lebih berminat mengkaji sejarah Melaka selepas kedatangan orang Eropah dan kurang berminat dengan zaman kesultanan Melayu Islam Melaka. Begitu juga dengan buku-buku yang membincangkan kegiatan mubaligh Kristian berbanding perhatian kepada penyebaran agama Islam di alam Melayu.

Buku-buku mengenai orang Eropah di Melaka menggambarkan period utama dalam sejarah penjajahan alam Melayu iaitu zaman Portugis, Belanda dan Inggeris. Walaubagaimanapun bagi siri ke-3 ini, Prof Tatiana hanya menumpukan ke atas sumber-sumber mengenai Melaka pada zaman Portugis sahaja. Antara pengarang yang diberi penekanan oleh beliau termasuklah Fernand Mendes Pinto, seorang saudagar, pengembara dan askar Portugis sebelum beliau menjadi pengikut Orden Jesus di bawah pengaruh Francis Xavier
Catatan pengembara beliau ke Timur Jauh yang diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1614 kemudiannya telah dicetak sekitar 100 kali sehingga kurun ke-20. Karangan tersebut yang mengandungi kisah penaklukan Portugis dianggap sebagai salah satu buku yang amat popular di Eropah ketika itu. Catatan tersebut menurut Prof Tatiana dapat membantu kita dalam memahami sejarah Melaka selepas kedatangan orang Portugis dan keadaan ekonomi di Melaka ketika itu.

Selain itu, Padre Manuel Gadinho dalam bukunya, Eredia’s Description of Malacca, Meridional India and Cathay, merupakan sumber sejarah yang amat menarik. Beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada kegiatan para mubaligh dan masyarakat Kristian Katolik di Melaka. Menurut beliau lagi, penduduk tempatan yang masuk agama Kristian kebanyakannya adalah orang Chelis (India). Namun terdapat satu kenyataan beliau mengenai orang Melayu Melaka yang dikatakan minum wine dan makan babi walaupun menganggap diri sebagai seorang Muslim. Walaubagaimanapun menurut Prof Tatiana, terdapat keraguan pada kenyataan tersebut. Ini kerana menurut data-data sejarah yang lain tidak ramai orang Melayu Muslim tinggal di Melaka ketika itu kerana takut dibunuh oleh orang-orang Portugis selepas Melaka dirampas oleh D’Albuquerque.

Malah catatan kenangan Alfonso D’Albuquerque juga turut disimpan dalam koleksi John Bastin dalam kisah peribadi (memoirs dan memorials) bersama-sama dengan catatan-catatan kenangan lain seperti Tome Pires dan Baretto de Resende. Catatan tersebut yang diterbitkan oleh Hakluyt Society, dianggap dalam tradisi ilmiah Barat sebagai sumber sejarah yang utama mengenai Melaka dan alam Melayu pada kurun ke-16 hingga 18. 
Buku tersebut menurut Prof Tatiana bukan sahaja mengandungi catatan D’Albuquerque, malah terdapat juga ulasan dan prasangka pengarang moden yang kebanyakannya bersikap negatif terhadap Islam. Antara sebabnya ialah para sarjana tersebut dipengaruhi oleh pendapat-pendapat anti-Islam yang terdapat dalam karangan-karangan terdahulu.

Manakala menurut data-data lain daripada pelbagai sumber sejarah sezaman D’Albuquerque, beliau dikatakan seorang musuh Islam dan penakluk yang amat ganas. Baliau bukan sahaja mengarahkan penyembelihan semua penduduk Muslim di Melaka malah beberapa kali merampas bandar-bandar di Timur Tengah dan merancang untuk mencuri badan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. Malah terdapat juga catatan beliau yang menyebutkan bahawa ketika beliau sedang menyiapkan pasukan tenteranya untuk menyerang Mekah, beliau terpaksa menghentikan persiapan tersebut atas arahan Raja Portugis dan segera berangkat ke Melaka untuk menyerang Melaka. Di sini, Prof Tatiana menegaskan bahawa perampasan Melaka dianggap oleh Raja Portugis sebagai tugas yang sama pentingnya dengan serangan Mekah dan Madinah. Demikian Melaka pada masa itu ‘menyelamatkan’ Mekah daripada serangan Portugis.

Walaubagaimanapun dalam karya E. Sanceau, Indies adventurer the amazing career of Alfonso de Albuquerque captain-general and governor of India (1509 – 1515) tidak disebutkan sifat keganasan dan ketidakadilan orang Portugis di alam Melayu. Ini kerana menurut Prof Tatiana karya tersebut mengandungi unsur-unsur konsep sejarah yang terkenal iaitu Konsep Zaman Pembukaan Dunia yang Agung (The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration) yang lebih bersifat euro-centrism. Malah berdasarkan analisis koleksi ini juga, menunjukkan bahawa John Bastin mungkin turut dipengaruhi oleh konsep sejarah tersebut. Ini kerana semua bahan-bahan dalam koleksi beliau hanya mencerminkan sudut pandangan historiografi Eropah dan tiada pandangan lain yang dijumpai.

Seterusnya konsep serta prasangka yang sama juga terdapat dalam pelbagai karya moden (yang dikarang pada kurun ke-20) yang disimpan dalam Koleksi John Bastin. Misalnya dalam monograf Boxer C. R. beliau mengatakan bahawa para pelaut Portugis dan Sepanyol “membuka negara-negara baru, menyatukan dunia, membawa peradaban dan kemajuan ke dalam negara-negara biadab (primitif), menyebarkan cahaya agama yang tulen di antara orang primitif yang dikelirukan oleh para mubaligh dan nabi yang palsu”. Manakala persengketaan antara orang Portugis dengan orang Muslim pula ada dimaklumkan dalam buku A. Silva Rego, Portuguese Colonization in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of the Royal Ordinances (Regimentos). Di sini beliau menyatakan terdapat maklumat bahawa orang Portugis merampas harta orang Muslim dan memaksa mereka lari dari rumah dan tanah air. Namun berbeza halnya dengan layanan Raja Portugal ke atas orang Hindu yang mana mereka dikekalkan hak sebagai pemilik harta dan tanah mereka. Malah situasi serupa turut berlaku di India dan orang Hindu juga diminta bekerjasama dengan Portugis dalam menentang orang Muslim. Ternyata orang Muslim dianggap sebagai musuh utama Portugis.

Walaubagaimanapun Prof Tatiana menegaskan bahawa permusuhan Portugis ke atas orang Muslim bukanlah atas dasar agama tetapi lebih kepada bidang politik dan ekonomi. Ini kerana agama Islam dan agama Kristian mempunyai asal usul yang sama dan lebih dekat antara satu sama lain daripada agama Hindu. Kenyataan ini diperkuatkan lagi melalui kenyataan yang terdapat dalam makalah D. K. Basset, The Portuguese in Malaya, iaitu mengenai utusan Portugis, Diego Lopez de Sequiera pada tahun 1509 ke Melaka bagi menuntut hak-hak istimewa orang Portugis dalam perdagangan rempah ratus dan lain-lain. Tetapi tujuan kedatangan de Sequiera itu tidak diterima oleh Sultan Mahmud menyebabkan Portugis tekad untuk merampas Melaka. Ternyata tujuan utama para penakluk Portugis adalah kawalan ke atas perdagangan dan faedah-faedahnya; dan bukannya hal ehwal agama.

Manakala maklumat yang lebih lengkap mengenai zaman Portugis di India dan Asia Tenggara juga boleh didapati dalam buku R. S. Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India 1497 – 1550. 
Menurut Whiteway, sejak kurun ke-15 Melaka menjadi terkenal sebagai pelabuhan dan pusat perdagangan antarabangsa yang mengawal perniagaan dan jalan-jalan perdagangan dari Ormuzh ke China dan India. Malah Melaka juga dianggap sebagai pusat Islam yang mempengaruhi kegiatan intelektual di negara-negara Islam di Asia Tenggara dan India. 
Selain itu berdasarkan catatan Portugis seperti Vasco da Gama dan lain-lain, orang Portugis didapati menggunakan pelbagai kaedah untuk mendapatkan data-data tentang jalan dan cara pelayaran ke Timur Jauh. Begitu juga dengan maklumat mengenai lanun-lanun Portugis dan Sepanyol yang merampas kapal-kapal para saudagar Muslim. Justeru itu lazimnya mereka bekerjasama dengan orang-orang yang berlainan agama dalam menentang orang-orang Muslim. Antaranya termasuklah menggunakan orang Yahudi sebagai penyiasat yang dihantar ke kawasan musuh untuk mengintip dan mengumpulkan data-data tentang negara-negara Muslim di Asia Barat, Asia Timur, Mesir, India, Parsi, Asia Tenggara dan lain-lain. Maklumat ini juga turut membuktikan lagi bahawa permusuhan dan sikap negatif terhadap Islam adalah diakibatkan daripada persaingan dalam bidang ekonomi dan perdagangan serta politik dan bukannya atas dasar agama.

Selain itu, terdapat juga banyak karya dalam Koleksi John Bastin yang menyebutkan mengenai sejarah penyebaran agama Kristian di alam Melayu pada kurun ke-16 hingga ke-18. Antaranya termasuklah buku-buku yang dikarang oleh para mubaligh Kristian sezaman serta pelbagai kajian moden mengenai kegiatan lembaga mubaligh, paderi-paderi dan pegawai-pegawai gereja Katolik dan Protestan, pusat-pusat pendidikan Kristian dan lain-lain. Ternyata karangan para mubaligh Portugis dan catatan peringatan para pegawai gereja Kristian sezaman dianggap oleh John Bastin sebagai sumber sejarah yang penting dalam memahami sejarah alam Melayu pada kurun tersebut.

Salah seorang mubaligh Kristian Portugis yang terkenal ialah Francis Xavier (1506 – 1552) yang digelar sebagai Apostle of India. Dalam koleksi ini terdapat 5 karya mengenai Francis Xavier dan kebanyakannya menumpukan kepada riwayat hidup beliau dan kegiatannya sebagai mubaligh agama Kristian. 
Salah satu buku tersebut adalah buku kecil bertajuk The Malacca Thaumaturge, Wonder-Worker II (1545 – 1552) yang dikarang oleh M. J. Pintado. Buku tersebut yang diterbitkan untuk para pelancong yang singgah ke Melaka serta pembaca awam, mengandungi dua dokumen lama iaitu pertama, catatan riwayat hidup Francis Xavier dan kedua, laporan mengenai perkara-perkara ajaib yang dilakukan oleh Xavier seperti mengeluarkan syaitan daripada jiwa seseorang, menghidupkan kembali orang yang sudah meninggal dunia, kemahiran berbicara dalam pelbagai bahasa, dan lain-lain. 
Manakala dalam karya Edith Anne Sreward yang bertajuk The Life of St. Francis Xavier pula, terdapat beberapa maklumat penting tentang para penduduk dan cara kehidupan mereka di Melaka terutamanya tentang bahasa, agama dan lain-lain. Malah Prof Tatiana juga turut menegaskan bahawa Francis Xavier telah membuktikan bahawa peranan Islam dalam perkembangan bahasa Melayu dan kemajuan tamadun dan masyarakat tempatan melalui kenyataan berikut, “There is one great lack in all these islands: they have no writings and very few can write. They write in Malay, and the letters are Arabic, which the Moorish cacizes taught, and teach at present. Before they become Moors they couldn’t write”.

Seterusnya dalam koleksi John Bastin juga turut mengandungi pelbagai catatan peringatan (memorials) orang Portugis yang dikarang oleh para pegawai pentadbiran Portugis di Melaka dan saksi sezaman yang lain. Antaranya yang paling terkenal adalah buku The Suma Orientalis of Tome Pires an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, diterjemahkan dan disusun oleh cortesao. Karya tersebut dianggap sebagai sumber sejarah yang utama mengenai sejarah Melaka pada kurun ke-16. Menurut Prof Tatiana buku ini menyerupai penerbitan teks ilmiah Suma Orientalis iaitu catatan pengembara Tome Pires (1468 – 1540) dan mengandungi teks asli dalam bahasa Portugal terjemahan dalam bahasa Inggeris, peta-peta, keterangan dan index. Antara perkara utama yang dinyatakan dalam penulisan tersebut, Tome Pires ada menegaskan bahawa sejak dulu Melaka menjadi pusat perdagangan antarabangsa yang diketuai dan dikawal oleh orang Muslim dari pelbagai negara. Disebutkan juga menurut beliau walaupun terdapat saudagar dari India, kebanyakannya adalah orang Arab dari Aden dan Kaherah. Mereka membawa barangan dagangan ke Melaka dari Syria, Itali, Greek dan Cambey. Walaupun catatan-catatan Tome Pires tersebut lebih bersikap negatif terhadap Islam, maklumat-maklumat data yang objektif juga terdapat di dalamnya.

Akhir sekali, analisis perbandingan zaman penjajahan Portugis dan Belanda juga terdapat dalam koleksi John Bastin ini. Karangan M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and European influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 adalah amat penting dan fundamental khususnya bagi mereka yang mengkaji hal ehwal ekonomi dan perdagangan di alam Melayu. Antara rumusan yang boleh diambil daripada karya tersebut ialah perdagangan tempatan tidak dimusnahkan oleh aktiviti orang Portugis dan Belanda walaupun pengaruh pentadbiran Eropah tersebut ketika itu adalah amat kuat. Sistem monopoli Kompeni Belanda dan Inggeris mengakibatkan kemunduran perkapalan, pelayaran dan perdagangan tempatan, tetapi hubungan perdagangan antara alam Melayu dan jalinan perdagangan tradisional (luar – China, India, Siam, Asia Barat dan lain-lain; dalam – Jawa, Sumatra, Johor, Bantam, Melaka, Moluku dan lain-lain) wujud dan kekal sehingga kurun ke-20.

Nantikan siri ke-4 pada Sabtu ini yang akan membincangkan tentang sumber-sumber berkenaan dengan Melayu: http://linktr.ee/rzs.casis

Sesi ini juga boleh diulang tayang melalui laman web Facebook kami di http://facebook.com/RZSCASIS.UTM dan http://facebook.com/hikmafellowship

C&P
29 June 2026: 12.10 a.m

Sunday, 28 June 2026

EUROPEAN PERCEPTIONS OF MALACCA IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Resource: BiblioAsia
ByL Katrina Gulliver, Lee Kong Chian Research Fellow, National Library

A major site of intra-Asia trade between India and China, Malacca was also an important site in European expansion into Asia. Lee Kong Chian Research Fellow Katrina Gulliver examines the importance of Malacca to Europe, and how the city developed with European influence.

Malacca was controlled by European powers for more than 400 years – by the Portuguese in 1511, the Dutch in 1641, and the British, first temporarily in 1795, then from 1824 as part of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, in which the city was exchanged for Bengkulu in Sumatra.

Malacca held an important role in the European expansionist imagination. TomΓ© Pires said: “Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice.” English texts from the 16th century onwards demonstrate a desire to capture the port, and the cultural position its name held as a symbol of wealth and the exotic. This paper looks at how Malacca was used, and how it demonstrates changing attitudes towards colonisation and the idea of the city.

Malacca was an important site in European expansion into Asia. In the 15th century, the city was a crucial nexus of a trade network from the Moluccas to Venice. Being at the “end of the monsoon”, it served as a major site for intra-Asia trade between China and India. I have chosen to look at the city from a different angle, in examining how important Malacca was to Europe, and how the city developed with European influence.

European Perceptions
 of the City

The term Golden Khersonese (or Chersonese) appears in Ptolemy’s geography, referring to what was later confirmed to be the Malay Peninsula. This term was in use during the early modern period in Europe to refer more specifically to the region, and in a more vague, mythical sense as a site of treasure. During the late 15th century, the city of Malacca came to be known in Europe, and references to it began to appear in literature.

During Portuguese control of the city, the references became more common, both in factual references and literature. I am limiting my references to printed works that would have been available to a broader audience than unpublished manuscripts. Gasparo Balbi’s Viaggio dell’Indie Orientali, published in Venice in 1590, described Malacca’s location and what could be bought there (sandoli, pocellane: sandalwood and porcelain, p. 64), and detailed the dates of the monsoon season between Goa and Malacca.

The overlap in usage between Malacca and Golden Chersonese is discussed in this 1604 text:

“Is it not easie to find Molaco in ancient bookes, which they called the golden Chersonese: the Cape of Comori, which was called the Promontorie of Coci; & that great & famous Iland of Sumatra, so well knowne by the ancient name of Taprobana”.

The “great & famous illand” description also demonstrates a growing level of assumed knowledge in Europe about the East Indies, and how much they had even by this stage (the English East India Company’s first mission was in 1601) become part of the mental map projected from Europe.

A more detailed description of Malacca was given by Pierre d’Avity, translated into English in 1615:

“Malaca is seated upon the river of Gaza, and is a good faire Towne, having in circuit neere twentie miles. The originarie or first inhabitants of this place report, that the beginning came of six or seven fishermen, which came to dwell there, but their number increased, by the arrival of other fishermen of Siam, Pegu, and Bengola, who built a towne, and framed a particular language, taking all the best kind of speech from other nations. They named their towne Malaca, which is growne so rich and mightie in a short time by reason of her situation, as she contends for precedence with the greatest townes, yea with some realmes thereabouts. The Countrie people sleepe upon trees for feare of Tygers, whereof there are so many as they will come into the towne for a prey. 
The Portugals who tooke this towne from a king of the Moores, found the scituation so commodious, as they have made it in a manner the Center of all the merchandise and trafficke of the East, and the head of a kingdome, which extends from Sincapura to Pullo, and Cambilan;”

Here we see two elements emerging in the description: One is the wealth and success of the town, and the other its position as a central gathering place for traders from different regions, as what might be termed proto-multiculturalism.

In Portuguese literature (the city is mentioned in the Lusiad of 1572, an epic poem by LuΓ­s Vaz de CamΓ΅es, depicting Portuguese history and the events of the discovery of India as blessed by mythological figures) demonstrating even at this stage its role – and that of colonialism in general – in Portuguese national culture.

Malacca is mentioned in Book X, verse 44:

Nor Him shalt Thou (though potent) scape, and flye, (Though sheltred in the Bosome of the Morn) 
MALACCA (and the Apple of her Eye)
Prowd of thy wealthy Dow’r as her first-born.
Thy poyson’d Arrows, those Auxiliary
CRYSES I see (thy Pay That do not scorn)
MALACCANS amorous, valiant JAVANS,
Shall all obey the LUSITANIANS.

And verse 57:

Great Actions in the Kingdom of BINTAN
Thou shalt perform, MALACCA’S Foe: her score
Of Ills in one day paying, which That ran
Into, for many a hundred year before.
With patient courage, more then of a man,
Dangers, and Toyles, sharp Spikes, Hills always hoare,
Spears, Arrows, Trenches, Bulwarks, Fire and Sword,
That thou shalt break, and quell, I pass my word.
(This text is from Richard Fanshawe’s 1655 translation; the work has been translated a number of times into English.)

By the 17th century, Malacca was making a more regular appearance in literature written in English. As well as its inclusion in guides of the world, guides to spices and general histories, it was again featured in poetry. David Dickson was a Scottish preacher and his Truth’s Victory over Error, or, An abridgement of the chief controversies in religion which since the apostles days to this time, have been, and are in agitation, between those of the Orthodox faith, and all adversaries whatsoever… was a translation into English of Dickson’s sermons given in Latin. It is relevant that by this stage the city of Malacca was being specified rather than the more vague “Golden Cherson”.

“As Ophirs Gold, which from Malacca came, Made Solomon on Earth the richest Man.
So will this Book make rich thy heart and mind, With Divine Wisdom, Knowledge of all kind.
Thee richer make than Croesus of great name, Thee wiser make than Solon of great fame.
Than all the seven wise Sages, Greeces Glory, I do protest it’s true, and is no Story.”

We also see the direct Biblical link being used. Malacca was being firmly situated in the cultural geography of Europe in texts such as this. Being already “familiar” and linked to Biblical and classical references, the city developed an identity in European culture through these depictions. This also links to the Portuguese use of religious justification for colonisation.

Under the heading “Manners of the People”, the residents were described by Pierre d’ Avity as follows:

“There are in this place about a hundred families of Portugals, which live after the manner of their countrie, with a Bishop, and a Colledge ofJesuits, besides the Castell. They that are borne in this place weare long haire, they have malitious spirits, and take delight to commit murders in the night, to the end the authors may not be known. Both men and women make love alike, and thinke that there is not any Nation can mannage it so well: they make amarous songs and rimes, and doe wonderfully commend the power of love in their verses, which are wittie, well composed, and of a good grace. They have the nearest, and most elegant language of all the East: and therefore many at the Indies doe use it; as in England, Germanie, and the Low-countries they use the French tongue.”

He draws a clear distinction between the Christian Portuguese residents and the local community. The exoticism of the Malays in this description, as both murderers and passionate authors of romantic songs and poems is an interesting juxtaposition. It is particularly relevant that the Malays, or “they that are borne in this place” are not described as Muslims.

Influencing the City

There are two major themes in colonial historiography that are often applied to city sites: one is that colonisers took the opportunity to create “ideal” cities, often based on the Renaissance vision of the perfect city with straight streets and boulevards and a central square marked by visual symmetry and balance. The idea of building the ideal city from scratch was appealing because it was something that could not be done in Europe where most of the cities had developed organically over hundreds of years without central planning. These neoclassical ideas were brought in to, for instance, city planning by the Spanish in the Americas. It was also seen in some of the towns built by the British in India, which were built to appeal to an aesthetic of Oriental classicism, rather than resembling architecture in Britain.

The second approach to colonial cities is a presumed intention of replication of the metropolis. More than simply utilising known construction techniques and plans, this vision is aimed at recreating the experience of living in Europe.

Under the Portuguese

The built environment at Malacca was shaped by the Portuguese, most famously in their construction of the fort.

The fort was constructed with a thick heavy wall and was obviously designed to protect the city from attack. However, this creates a very strong separation of the city from the hinterland of the surrounding regions. And it was significant particularly when the city was ruled by foreigners. It had no strong relationship with the regions outside the city and this accelerated the development within Malacca of a distinct Malaccan city urban identity quite detached from the region around. The strength of the fort also suggests permanence to the Portuguese settlement.

The fort did not really replicate something that was in Portugal although it followed the building styles there. It has a fairly organic shape, responsive to the natural geography of the hill. The lack of a grand design for the city is an indication of several things about the Portuguese, one being that they did not know how long they would stay. And it is evident from Portuguese documents of the time that their goals towards the city were somewhat conflicted. Building forts was something that the Portuguese tended to focus on in their colonial efforts in other parts of the world, and a clear resemblance can be seen between the Malacca fort and those at Mombasa, Goa and elsewhere.

It is problematic to apply the notion of colony and the attendant philosophies to refer to the time when the Portuguese captured Malacca. The Portuguese did not establish a large settlement of civilians and they did not hold much territory beyond the borders of the city itself. However. their fortifications at least hinted at plans for permanence extending further than simply a factory. Nonetheless, their attitude towards the Malay Peninsula seemed ambivalent.

The idea of conversion to Catholicism was clearly part of the rhetoric of the Portuguese expansion. Nonetheless, the missions set up by the Jesuits, while endorsed by the Portuguese, were not really part of the official expansion nor were they something that the Portuguese crown invested in. It was very convenient to promote the idea of converting the Malay world from Islam to Christianity for audiences in Europe, particularly the Vatican, but in practice the Portuguese showed little interest in actually pursuing this.

The pre-existing town was sizeable, described thus in 1510: “In Malacca, there are approximately ten thousand homes, which are located along the sea and river. Those who live further away from the sea are at a distance of a little more than a cross-bow’s shot.” This assumes a population of at least 40,000, in housing clustered close to the sea.

Economically, the city was not a great success for the Portuguese. They were unable to regain the city’s prosperity when it was under the sultan. The Portuguese did act in accordance with their Christian expansionist plans to the extent that they limited Muslim trade in the town, which reduced profitability.

Macau’s duties paid to Malacca and Goa sustained Malacca. The true scale of the economy cannot be established, as much of it was unofficial, either held by private individuals or on the side (illegally) by agents of the state; aided by the loss of documents, and the fact that much of the empire “was created and functioned in the prestatistical age”.

According to Victor Savage, Malacca was in the 16th century, as Ayuthia was in the 17th, a “comfortable and beautiful city for Western residents”. While Malacca might have been beautiful, it was not precisely a city on European lines. The largest reminders of the Portuguese were the fort and the church, which were reused by the Dutch. Savage’s description also hints at the evolving European taste for the exotic, in listing the destinations of luxury for European residents and the temporal/geographic shift around Asia.

Under the Dutch

When the Dutch took possession of Malacca, they did not attempt to do what they had initially done in Batavia (Jakarta today) – replicating a Dutch city. Likewise, they were not taking large numbers of civilian settlers to Malacca either. So it developed as an Asian city under European jurisdiction rather than a European city in the tropics. Direct European influence on architecture during the colonial period did not extend past official buildings.

Again, Malacca was not an economic success, as described in this account:

“*The conquerors found a fort, which, like all the works of the Portuguese, was built with a degree of strength, which has never since been imitated by any nation. They found the climate very healthy, though hot and moist; but the trade there was entirely decayed; the continual exactions having deterred all nations from resorting thither. It has not been revived by the company, either on account of some insuperable difficulties, or the want of moderation or the fear of injuring Batavia. The business is confined at present to the sale of a small quantity of opium, and a few blue linens, and to the purchase of elephants teeth, calin, which
cofts 70 livres a hundred weight, and a [end p. 166] small quantity of gold at 180 livres a mark.”

The Dutch built the State House and other administrative buildings, as well as private housing. But their arrival did not signal a rapid overhaul of the city, rather a slower evolution. The Dutch reuse of the fort demonstrated this continuity.

Malacca was unique in the region for not relying on an agrarian hinterland, due to its “unusually favourable position”.14 This position depended on supplies from outside, and a level of trade to maintain them, which did not always hold under the Dutch.

Under the Dutch, there was a small European population. There was not much work for artisans and tradesmen,15 which meant that the European influence on material culture was less than in other colonies. Chinese and Indian artisans were often involved in construction and design. This led to the development of a unique visual idiom and these elements also helped to give the city (and its citizens) a particular identity.

The Dutch construction included St John’s Fort, which was sited for inland defence rather than defence against attack from the sea. As well as a demonstration of the politics involved, such an element of the built environment serves to imply a level of visual hostility to the surrounding area, and to reinforce insularity to the city.

MALACA,
Which is a Town belonging to the Company, and was taken from the Portugueze. This Place is very considerable, and much frequented for Traffick, and is the Magazine of the Eastern Trade, where all Nations, who have frequented the Seas, met heretofore. At present, its Trade is not near so considerable, not sufficient to answer the Charge; which Inconveniency might be remedied, by sending thither a good Director; for it is certain, that there is a good Vent in that Town for great Quantities of Linnen Cloth, of all sorts, as well as in many other Towns, its Dependencies, or which lye round about it; as Andragieri, and other Towns, and such Places as lye along the Rivers of Sierra, Perra, &c. where for the moft Part the Payments are made in Gold and Tin, which is a Return very rich, necessary, and profitable for the Good and Support of the Trade of the Company.
Malacca is the Rendezvous of all the Vessels that return from Japan every Year with their Cargoes, and which they there sort and distribute, in order to their being sent to the [end p. 212] other Store-houses on the Coast of India, Coromandel, Bengal, & c.16

Once again, we see a return to the standard descriptions of Malacca, that even in an account of its economic failure, it is referred to as the “magazine of the east” and in positive terms. Malacca’s ability to retain a positive image in European minds even as it was a poor investment merits further investigation, which I hope to pursue later.

The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Dr Merennage Radin Fernando, Senior Fellow, Humanities & Social Studies Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, in reviewing the paper.

About the Author
Katrina Gulliver, Lee Kong Chian Research Fellow, National Library.

C&P
28 June 2026: 11.54 p.m

Wednesday, 24 June 2026

NOTA ILMU: ANCIENT EGYPT

  • Abu Simbel: Colossal statues of Ramses II.
  • Ahhotep I : the powerful Egyptian Queen from 17th Dynasty.Known for Queen-regent during the wars against the Hyksos, helped to hold Egypt together and supported the rise of Ahmose I and the New Kingdosm. 
  • Ahmose I : 18th Dynasty (1549-1524 BCE) took throne as a child when Egypt was overrun the the Hyksos. Son of Queen Ahhotep I
  • Akhenaten: (1353-1336 BC) - Son os Amenhotep III- husband of the famous Queen of Egyptian, Nefertiti, . 
  • Amenemhat I: a pharaoh of ancient Egypt the first king 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. 
  • Amenhotep III (1388 - 1351 BC) - ruled Egypt for 38 years, largely presided over a peaceful and prosperous Egypt. 
  • Anubis : the Jackal-headed god of Death and mummification. 
  • Anuket: Egyptian Goddess of the Nile River
  • Bastet: The Cat Goddess of Egypt - goddess of the Sun, Fertility, Motherhood and Home Protector.
  • Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira(185 - 116 BC) > Queen consort of Ptolemaic Egypt and wife of Ptolemy VI Philometor.
  • Cleopatra VII: Ptolemaic Kingdom (51-31 BCE) - The final Pharaoh of Egypt, descendant of Ptolemy I. Companion of Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony. Committed suicide in 12 August 30 BC brought an end to the Egyptian Empire
  • Djoser:  (2686-2649 BC) - the second Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, reigning around 2670-2640 BC. He is best known for commissioning the construction of Step Pyramid of Saqqara.
  • Early Dynasty Egypt : (3100 - 2686 BC) >Dynasty 1-2,  the first Emperor, Narmer, focused on Memphis
  • Egypt:
    • Home to the Great Pyramids of Giza
    • The Nile River is the Longest River in the world.
    • Over 2,000 Gods and Goddess
    • Ancient Egyptians invented Hieroglyphs
    • Mummies were preserved for the afterlife.
    • Land of the Pharaohs & Stunning temples.  
  • First Intermediate Period  : (2181-2040 BC) > Dynasties 7-11 - Division of Power - Heraclepolis (Lower Egypt) vs Thebes (Upper Egypt). 
  • Great Sphinx of Giza : a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creatures with the head of a human and the body of a lion.
  • Hathor: Goddess of Love, Music, Beauty, Fertility, Motherhood and Joy. 
  • Hatshepsut: (1479-1458) - wife of Thutmose II, one of the most powerful rulers of Ancient Egypt, She ruled around 1479-1458 BC, one of the first female pharaohs
  • Hieroglyphs : the formal script for monuments, tombs and stelae during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. 
  • Horemheb: 18th Dynasty (1319 - 1292 BCE) -  a low profile pharaoh but had a significant impact. He brought stability and prosperity back to Ancient Egypt. 
  • Horus: Beast-Headed Gods of Egypt - Sky God and divine king, son of Osiris and Isis. 
  • Hyksos : the kings of the 15th Dynasty of Egypt. 
  • Intef III : the 3rd pharaoh of the 11th Dynasty. 
  • Isis: Egyptian Goddess of Motherhood, magic, healing, protection, nature, death rites and rebirth. 
  • Khafre: 4th Dynasty (2558 - 2532 BCE) - son of Khufu, builder of the middle Pyramid in the Gread Pyramid Necropolis at Giza. He's also believed to be responsible for the Great Sphinx flanking the causeway to his monument. 
  • Khonsu: God of the Moon. 
  • Khufu: (2589-2566 BC) - the Pharaoh who commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza.  
  • Late Period: (664-332 BC) > Saite Dynasty (26th), Psamtik I reunifies Egypt. Persian Achaemenid rule, Alexander The Great consuer Egypt (332 BC). 
  • Ma'at : Goddess of Balance, Thruth, Justice and Harmony. 
  • Mentuhotep II: the 6th ruler of the 11th Dynasty, the first Pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. 
  • Middle Kingdom  : (2030 - 1650) > Dynasties 11-13 - Reunification under Mentuhotep II. Height under Senwosret III, Prosperity under Amenemhat III
  • Mut : Mother of the Gods, Lady of Heaven.
  • Narmer : 1st Dynasty (3150 - 3100 BCE) - Early Dynasty Egypt. 
  • Neith : Goddess of Warfare and Motherhood. 
  • Neithikret: may have been the first female pharaoh dating back to the 6th dynasty. The records of the Egyptian Rulers describe her as a male king. 
  • Nefertari: the beloved Queen of Ramesses II. Lived in 13th century BC. Temple of Abu Simbel was built by Pharaoh Ramesses II to honor his beloved wife Queen Nefertari. 
  • Nefertiti: Wife of Akhernaten - the powerful Queen of Amarna Period, lived during 14th Century BC.
  • Nephthys: Protective Goddess of the dead, mourning, night and the home. Sister of Isis and Osiris and wife of Seth.
  • New Kingdom  : (1550-1070 BC)- Dynasties 18-20 - Famous ruler : Hatshepsut, Thutmose III and  Ramesses II
  • Nut: Egyptian Goddess of the Sky,mother of Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthy.
  • Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BC) > Dynasties 3-6 -Era of Pyramid Building (Djoser, Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre & Menkaure. Rise of solar cult (Ra) and Osiris worship. 
  • Osiris : God of the Dead and Lord of the Underworld, husband and brother to Isis. 
  • Predynastic Egypt : (5000 - 3100 BC) > Development of Hieroglyphic writing. 
  • Ptolemaic Period : (305-30 BC) > Ptolemaic Dynasty - Founder is Ptolemy I Soter. End of the Dynasty with Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony's defeat (30 BC). 
  • Ptolemy I Soter  : Ptotemaic Kingdom (305-282 BCE) - established the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which rule for 250 years.
  • Ra : the Sun God and creator god. 
  • Ramesses II : (1279-1213 BC) - constructed the massive monuments like Abu Simbel and also a great warrior, led the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Kadesh. 
  • Second Intermediate Period  : (1640-1550 BC) > Dynasties 14-17 - Invasion by Hyksos. Expulsion of the Hyksos by Ahmose, founder of the New Kingdom. 
  • Sekhmet: Warrior goddess of plague, destruction and divine wrath. Sent by Ra to punish humanity but nearly wiped out all life until tricked with red beer. 
  • Senusret I  : 12th Dynasty (1971-1926 BCE) - ruled for 45 years during the Middle Kingdom. He built monuments such as the Heliopolis Obelisk. 
  • Seth: Egyptian God of Chaos & Storms, brother of Osiris Isis and Nephthy. 
  • Seti I: Egypt Pharaoh (1290-1279 BCE). Father of Ramesses II. Known for the temple and king list at Abydos. Helped to restore Egyptian power in the early 19th Dynasty. 
  • Sneferu : Founder of the 4th Dynasty (2613-2589 BCE) - he built Egypt's great wealth through trade and war with Nubia (now Sudan) in the south. Built the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid, the first true Pyramids
  • Sobekneferu : (1800-1785 BCE) - The Warrior Queen, first known woman crowned as Pharaoh in her own right and the last ruler of Dynasty 12. 
  • Third Intermediate Period : 1070-664 BC) > Dynasties 21-25 -  Split power (Pharaoh vs High Priest ofAmun). Libyan Ruled (Dynasties 22-24), Nubian Reunification (25th Dynasty). 
  • Thutmose III (1479-1425 BC) - a brilliant military strategist,conducted 17 successful military campaign. 
  • Tutankhamun: 18th Dynasty (1332 - 1323 BCE) - knows as the "Boy Pharaoh", ascended to the throne at just 9 years old - ruled Egypt from around 1332-1323 BC. He ascended to the throne at a young age. His tomb was discovered in 1922. He became one of the famous pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. 
  • Twosret: (1187-1185 BCE) - one of the last great queens of Egypt who ruled with courage during a time of decline. 
  • Valley of The Kings: tombs of the pharaohs.
  • Xerces I (486-465 BC) - reigned the 27th Dynasty during which time Egypt was part of the Persian Empire, having conquered in 525 BC.
Reference :
  1. Wikipedia : Ancient Egypt
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
Updated: 24 June 2026: 11.38 p.m

FOTO KENANGAN : KUALA LUMPUR (2)

Karnival Mahabbah Radio IKIM
Masjid Usamah Bin Zaid, Wangsa Maju, KL
1 Januari 2014


Hijab Event - Taman Tasik Titiwangsa
1 Februari 2014


YJM 30th Anniversary Commemoration Dinner
Istana Hotel, Jalan Raja Chulan, K.L
27.2.2014


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MNRB Holdings Berhad, Damansara Heights, K.L
4-6 Mac 2014


Colour My Heart Run - Dataran Merdeka, K.L
24 Mei 2015


KL International Hijab Fair 2014
PWTC KL - 14 Jun 2014

Dewan Persatuan Penduduk Taman Ayer Panas, Setapak, K.L
13 Julai 2014



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Wesley Methodist School, Jalan Sentul, KL
13.8.2014

Majlis Resepsi Perkahwinan anak kepada sahabat sekolah
Dewan Komuniti Taman Ibu Kota, K.L
27 September 2014

Perasmian Pembukaan Butik Muslimah Yatt Hamzah
Dataran Wangsa, Wangsa Maju, K.L
25 April 2015

Hadir Majlis Perkahwinan
Institut Integriti Malaysia, Jalan Duta, K.L
2 Mei 2015

Dataran Merdeka, 24 Mei 2015

KL International Hijab Fair 2016
PWTC, KL - 29 Mei 2015

Program Kesedaran Penyakit Jantung
27 Jun 2015

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5 Ogos 2015

Mesyuarat Penyelarasan Program YJM - Desa Tasik, K.L
18.11.2015

Surau Diniatul Islamiah, Desa Tasik, Sungai Besi, K.L
17 Januari 2016

KRT PPR Desa Petaling, Desa Petaling, K.L
19 Jun 2016

Ayer Panas, Setapak, KL - 30 Julai 2016

Program Kesedaran Penyakit Jantung
Taman Midah, Cheras, K.L
14 Ogos 2016

Geomatika University College, Taman Setiawangsa, K.L
6 September 2016
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Pesta Lelong Buku Putrajaya 2016
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Hospital Angkatan Tentera Tuanku Mizan
Wangsa Maju, K.L - 21 Disember 2016


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UCSI University College, Taman Connaught, Cheras, K.L
11 Januari 2017



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PPR Salak Selatan, Sg. Besi, KL
18 Jun 2017


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13 Julai 2017

Reunion Class 73, SRJK (Inggeris) Gombak 1 & Gombak 2
Grand Seasons Hotel, Jalan Pahang, K.L
5 Ogos 2017

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S.K. Taman Midah 2, Cheras, K.L
12 Januari 2018

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Surau Al-Ikhlas, Kg. Cheras Baru, K.L
28 Januari 2018


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Pangsapuri LTAT, Taman LTAT, Bukit Jalil, K.L
3 Mac 2018

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20-21 Mac 2018



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24 Jun 2018


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2 Julai 2018

Gourmet International College
Taman Cemerlang, Taman Melati, Setapak, K.L
1 Ogos 2018



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Jalan Tun Razak, K.L
4 September 2018

World Heart Day
Taman Botanic Perdana, K.L
23 September 2018

Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
Kepong, K.L
28 Oktober 2018

Masjid Jamek Al-Khadijah
Pantai Dalam K.L
24 November 2018

Dewan Gemilang, Kolej Kediaman Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah
Universiti Malaya, K.L
25 November 2018



AEON Big Danau Kota, Gombak, K.L
19 Februari 2019


Tahun 2019 adalah tahun malang bagi ku kerana aku dimasukkan ke Wad. Aku dimasukan ke wad kali pertama pada 11.2.2019 di Hospital Angkatan Tentera Tuanku Mizan, di Wangsa Maju, KL kerana Pemeriksaan ECG Jantung tidak normal. Kali Kedua aku dikejarkan dengan ambulan ke Hospital Kuala Lumpur pada 25 Februari 2019 kerana serangan Jantung. Dan kali ketiga aku menjalani Pembedahan CABG di IJN Kuala Lumpur pada bulan Mac 2019. 

Institut Jantung Negara di Jalan Tun Razak, K.L dimana aku menjalani Pembedahan Pintasan Koronari pada 24 April 2019.
Menjalani latihan Terapi di IJN KL






Menghadiri Majlis Perkahwinan anak kepada sepupu isteri di Rumah Tamu Datin Halijah yang terletak di Taman Dato Senu, Sentul, K.L pada 23 November 2019. 



Hj Zulheimy Maamor
Lembah Keramat, K.L
27 June 2026: 5.11 p.m