Tuesday, 12 September 2023

MALAY NATIONS

SOURCE: MALAY WORLD

There are currently 10 Malay nations that exist in Southeast Asia. Out of 10, Brunei is a sovereign country, while the remaining 9 are the constituent states of Malaysia. All 9 states formed the Federation of Malaya in 1948 together with 2 British colonial territories, Malacca and Penang, before achieving independence in 1957, and reconstituted as Malaysia in 1963.
All nine states are effectively countries within a country, with its own constitutions,⁽¹⁾ flags, anthems, and traditions that predates Malaysia itself.⁽²⁾ They even have legislative assemblies that have power to enact state laws.⁽³⁾ Subnational identity is perhaps the most strongly asserted by the Malay State constitutions. They depict Malay-Islamic sultanates alongside their democratic systems and, in reality, the Rulers remain powerful figures of Malay rights, religion and politics.
These ten Malay nation states are a few of several Malay Sultanates that were historically dominating Southeast Asia from 12th to 19th century. Through hundreds of years of wars, conquest, and colonization, only these ten states manage to survive until modern times. Out of these states, Selangor was established by Bugis immigrants from Sulawesi that were culturally distinct from the Malays. As a result of centuries of contact with the surrounding Malay sultanates, Selangor became heavily Malayized⁽⁴⁾ and effectively known as a Malay state in modern times.⁽⁵⁾
The following are the ten modern Malay nations listed in alphabetical order. Some of the states were founded long before Islamization, but for the sake of simplification, the established date in the list is based on the reign of the first Islamic Ruler.
๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ง๐ž๐ข ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ
('Brunei the abode of peace')- est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ‘⁽⁶⁾
๐‰๐จ๐ก๐จ๐ซ ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐“๐š'๐ณ๐ข๐ฆ
('Johor the abode of dignity')- est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ๐Ÿ–⁽⁷⁾
๐Š๐ž๐๐š๐ก ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐€๐ฆ๐š๐ง
('Kedah the abode of peace')- est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ”⁽⁸⁾
๐Š๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ง ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐š๐ข๐ฆ
('Kelantan the blissful abode') - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ“⁽⁹⁾⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ¹⁾
๐๐ž๐ ๐ž๐ซ๐ข ๐’๐ž๐ฆ๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐š๐ง ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐Š๐ก๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ
('Negeri Sembilan the special abode') - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ‘⁽¹⁰⁾
๐๐š๐ก๐š๐ง๐  ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐Œ๐š๐ค๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ซ
('Pahang the abode of tranquility') - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ•๐ŸŽ⁽¹¹⁾
๐๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ค ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐‘๐ข๐๐ณ๐ฎ๐š๐ง
('Perak the abode of grace') - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ๐Ÿ–⁽¹²⁾
๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ ⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ²⁾ - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ–๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ⁽¹³⁾
๐’๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐„๐ก๐ฌ๐š๐ง
('Selangor the abode of sincerity')- est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ•๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ”⁽⁵⁾
๐“๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ ๐š๐ง๐ฎ ๐ƒ๐š๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐š๐ง
('Terengganu the abode of faith') - est. ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ•๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ–⁽¹⁴⁾⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ³⁾
๐๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ
⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ¹⁾ The early history of Kelantan Sultanate is obscure, but a well-established state was recorded by the early 15th century. A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Iskandar Shah who reigned until 1465. ⁽⁹⁾
⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ²⁾ Perlis historically adopted the nickname "Indera Kayangan" meaning 'kingdom of Lord Indra'. But the practice was discontinued following a royal decree by the king Tuanku Syed Putra issued in 2015. ⁽¹⁵⁾
⁽โฟแต’แต—แต‰ ³⁾ The earliest Islamic polity in Terengganu was recorded since the early 14th century based on the Terengganu Inscription Stone (1303). A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Zainal Abidin I who reigned from 1708.
๐‘๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽²⁾ Sheppard (1983), p. 75
⁽³⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽⁴⁾ Andaya, Andaya (1984), p. 104
⁽⁵⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 43
⁽⁶⁾ Sidhu, J. S. (2016), p. 337
⁽⁷⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 67
⁽⁸⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 23
⁽⁹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 99
⁽¹⁰⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 53
⁽¹¹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 79
⁽¹²⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 33
⁽¹³⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 15
⁽¹⁴⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 89
⁽¹⁵⁾ Astro Awani
๐๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
Ibp, I. (2017). ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž ๐ธ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘™, ๐‘ƒ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘’๐‘  ๐ฟ๐‘Ž๐‘ค๐‘  ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘…๐‘’๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘  ๐ป๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘œ๐‘˜ ๐‘‰๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ 1 ๐‘†๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘”๐‘–๐‘ ๐ผ๐‘›๐‘“๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›, ๐‘…๐‘’๐‘”๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ , ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ . United States: IBP USA. ISBN-9781514517321
Sheppard, M. (1983). ๐‘‡๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘› ๐‘†๐‘Ž๐‘ข๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘Ž: ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘๐‘’, ๐ท๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘Ž, ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘, ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘”๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘Ž, ๐ฟ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก-๐‘ ๐‘œ-๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘” ๐ด๐‘”๐‘œ. Malaysia: International Book Service. ISBN-9789679500004
Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Yuzon (1984), ๐ด ๐ป๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž, London: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-38121-9
Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐ธ๐‘›๐‘๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘๐‘’๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž, ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘™. 16 - ๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘…๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘Ž, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9
Sidhu, J. S. (2016). ๐ป๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐ท๐‘–๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฆ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘ข๐‘›๐‘’๐‘– ๐ท๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘š. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442264595
Astro Awani
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12 September 2023 > 26 Safar 1445H: 11.20 am