Resource: WIKIPEDIA
- Adriaan Reland: the Dutch Scholar, the first to observed similarities between the languages spoken in the Malay Archipelago and by the people in the Pacific Ocean.
- Australasia: A region which comprises Australia and New Zealand and some neighbouring islands.
- Australoid: decsribing the tribes or populations of Native Australia which was introduced by Thomas Huxley in 1870.
- Australo-Melanesians : an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Melanesia and Australia.
- Austronesia : The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking people, including Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Maori, Malagasy, native Hawaiian, the Fijian language and around a thousand other languages. Austronesian is the second-largest language family in the world.
- Austronesian Ancestry: is found throughout Indonesia. But where the inhabitants of the large western islands have strong genetic ties to the Southeast Asian mainland, the inhabitants of the islands east of Bali have very little.
- Austronesian Diaspora: believed to have been initiated by the migration of the Lapita peoples from Taiwan around 5,500 years ago, who settled throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean just off the coast of East Africa.
- Austronesian Expansion: also called 'Out of Taiwan' model, based on the current scientific consensus, they originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, from pre-Han Taiwan at around 1,500 to 1,000 BCE.
- Austronesian language: a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan(by Taiwanese indigenous people). Spoken by about 386 million people (4.9 % of the world population). The fifth largest language family by number of speakers.
- Austronesian Migration Theory: propounds on the expansion of a group of people called the Austronesians from Asia into the Pacific bymeans of Taiwan 6,000 years ago. A Theory proposed by Peter Bellwood a professor of Archaelogy.
- Austronesian Peoples : Austronesian speaking peoples, a large group of various peoples in Taiwan known as Taiwanese Indigenous people, Maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar. The name Austronesia comes from the Latin world 'Australis' meaning 'Southern' and 'Nesos' meaning 'Island'.
- Austronesian Sailors: were expert in Navitation using Monsoon winds, star constellation, bird migration pattern cloud shape and direction of waves.
- Cham Language: Vietnam is the homeland of many ethnicities including the Cham People. The Cham language is classified as the Austronesian language family. > The Kingdom of Champa.
- Dong Yen Chau Inscription: the oldest inscription in the Cham language dated to the mid 6th century AD, is the first attesttion of any Austronesian language.
- Formosan Language: a language of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian language spoken outside Taiwan belong to the Malayo-Polynesian.
- Hawaiian language: belongs to the Austronesian group, seems to have dispersed from Taiwan 3000 years ago.
- Hayato People: ancient Hayato people of Japan >suggested to be Austronesian tribes in Japan before the Yayoi-migration as well as the Kumaso and Azumi tribes.
- Kedukan Bukit Inscription: the oldest specimen of Malay in the world, found in Palembang.
- Lapita Culture: the name given to the Neolithic Austronesian people and their distinct material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 t0 500 BCE. Believed to be originated from the northern Philippines via Mariana Islands.
- Major Austronesian languages: include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of western Indonesia; and Malagasy of Madagascar. Each of these languages has more than one million speakers.
- Malagasy: one of the official language of Madagascar, alongside French. Malagagy is the westernmost Austronesian language, brought to Madagascar with the settlement of Austronesian speakers from the Sunda Islands, around the 5th century AD.
- Malay: an Austronesian ethnic group native to eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo. The Malay language is spoken by 250 million people, makes its the 8th most spoken language in the world.
- Malay Archipelago: the archipelago between mainland Indonesia and Australia.
- Malayo-Polynesian: a branch of Austronesian, means all Austronesian language outside of Taiwan. Malayo-Polynesian language is a sub-group of Austronesian language, with approximately 385.5 million speakers, spoken by the Austronesian people outside Taiwan,in the islands of Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei , Thailand and Philippines).
- Maori Language: Maori te reo Maori > Eastern Polynesian subgroup of the Eastern Austronesian (Oceanic) languages, spoken in the Cook Islands and New Zealand.Since the Maori Language Act of 1987, it has been one fo the two official languages of New Zealand.
- Maritime Southeast Asia: comprises the countries of Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore.
- Melanesia : a subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Tonga.
- Micronesia : a subregion of Oceania, composed of thousands of small islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and Melanesia to the south; as well as with the wider Austronesian peoples.
- Monogenism : theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races.
- Negrito : several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated part of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. They are the first inhabitants in the Malay Peninsula dates back 40,000 years.
- Oceania : a geographic region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia (eg: Australia & N.Zealand)
- Out of Sundaland Theory: The "Out of Sundaland" theory proposes that a unique and advanced civilization existed on the now-submerged Sundaland continent during the last Ice Age, and that this civilization was the origin of many subsequent cultures, including the Austronesian peoples. This theory is considered a fringe theory, as the widely accepted model for human origin is the "Out of Africa" theory.
- Out of Taiwan Theory: atttibuted to archaelogist Peter Bellwood and linguist Robert Blust > The "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis proposes that the Austronesian language family originated in Taiwan and subsequently spread to other islands in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. This theory is based on linguistic and archaeological evidence, suggesting a seaborne migration from Taiwan to these regions.
- Out of Yunan Theory: not a recognized or common phrase. However, "Yunnan" refers to a province in China, and "Yunan" is also an older, often oriental, name for Greece or the Ionia region in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). The term "Yunan" is also associated with the theory about the origin of the Malay people, suggesting their ancestors migrated from Yunnan.
- Paleolithic : also called the Old Stone Age, a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the time period of human technological prehistory.
- Perak Man: the name given to a remarkably complete prehistoric human skeleton discovered in Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia. Dating back 10,000 to 11,000 years, it is the oldest and most complete skeleton found in Southeast Asia from that period. The discovery, made in Gua Gunung Runtuh cave, has provided valuable insights into the lives of early humans in the region.
- Polygenism : theory of human origins which posits the view that the human races are of different origins (polygenesis).
- Polynesia : a subregion of Oceania, made up of 1,000 islands scattered over the southern Pacific Ocean. The largest country in Polynesia is New Zealand.
- Polynesian language: a subgroup of very closely related languages, originated in the area of Samoa as speakers of Austronesian languages spread into the islands of the South Pacific.
- Taiwan: birthplace of Austronesian languages, the Austronesian language family which originated in Taiwan, spans half the world from Madagascar to Easter Island.
- Tanjung Tanah Manuscript: the oldest Malay language manuscript in the world.
References:
4. Info Galactic: List of Austronesian Regions
5. Hj. Zulheimy Maamor - Note: The Austronesian People
6. Wikipedia - Austronesian People
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
Lembah Keramat, K.L
22 July 2025: 9.06 p.m