Kredit : Winda A
BEFORE THE COMMON ERA
3000 BCE - TAIWAN
Austronesia settler arrived in Taiwan from Mainland Asia. They bring Domesticated Plant and animals to be cultivated in their journey.
Austronesian already domesticated rice and posses wetland agriculture as well as pottery and polished stone to create tools. Austronesian began living a sedentary live and cultivating rice, the northern people started to adopt iron for making better tools. These technology brought prosperity and creating population growth. Increasing competition between tribes for hunting groung and farming land.
Many Austronesian men and women alike sail out from Taiwan in search of better fortune. Austronesian developed navigation and seamanship skill.
2200 BCE - Batanese Island
Austronesian reached the northernmost of Philippines.
2000 BCE - Ryukus Island
Austronesian settled in the Ryukyus Island up to Kyushu prior to Jomon, some argue that Yonaguni monument was built by early Austronesians.
2000 BCE - LUZON
Austronesians arrived in Luzon and spread southward to Visayan and Mindanao Island, bringing rice culture with them in the new land. Banaue rice Terraces built by Ifugao people are an example of Austronesia advance rice farming created by simple tools.
Austronesians use mortar and pestle (lesung) made from stone or wood to separate the rice from its skin.
1500 BCE - NUSANTARA ISLANDS
Austronesian using outrigger ship sailed south, and other group already living in Sundaland before separated into Java, Borneo and Sumatera.
1500 BCE - COASTAL NUSANTARA
Some Austronesian retain their Maritime lifestyle as sea Nomads, they became Sama-Bajau & Orang -Laut.
1500 BCE - BORNEO
Some Austronesian move inland and settled along the banks of Major River who served as source of living and highway between settlements.
Austronesian who lived in inland Borneo loosely grouped as "Dayak". Early Austronesian preserve their knowledge through oral tradition.
1500 BCE - CELEBES
Some Austronesian from North settled inland in Celebes. Early Austronesian occasionally in state of war and developing warrior & headhunting culture.
Austronesian from Sundaland and Celebes migrating eastward toward Sahul Region (Papua & Australia) and intermingled with Sahul Islander.
1500 BCE - NORTHERN MARIANAS ISLANDS
The Austronesians colonised the Northern Marianas Islands soon after reaching the Philippines.
1300 BCE - PAPUA
Sahul Islanders (Australiasian) already settled in Sahul Region from 20,000 BCE out of Africa, related to the Dravidian of Southern India.
Austronesian newcomers intermarriage with Sahul people to become Melanesian, implementing Advanced stone tools and outrigger canoe. Melanesian adopted Austronesian language and sailing skills. They ventured East and dominated Papua and surrounding islands.
1200 BCE - FIJI
Austronesian arrived in Fiji Island, later known as Lapita people who extensively use pottery and volcanic obsidian stone tools.
Lapita people were expert seafarers and navigators settled in many unhabitted islands in the Pacific with Stone tools and canoe plants.
Austronesian continued voyaging toward east into uninhabitted islands in the Pacific Ocean.
1000 BCE - PALAU AND YAP
The Austronesian colonised the Palau and Yap, becoming the first humans to reach Remote Ocenia > comprising south-eastern Island Melanesia and islands in the open Pacific east of the Solomon Islands: Fiji, Micronesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Polynesia, the Santa Cruz Islands, and Vanuatu.
900 - 800 BCE - FIJI, SAMOA AND TONGA
The Lapita people reached the island of Fiji, Samoa and Tonga
600 BCE - JAVA
Aside from accomplished seafarers, Austronesian also was a great builders. Ancient Sundanese built gigantic Steppe-Pyramid in Gunung Padang.
This 95 m Megalithic Steppe-Pyramid was built above the 885 M hill facing Northwest using volcanic Andesite rocks carved uniformly. The structure marked organisational and Engineering feat of Ancient Austronesians who inhabited island in Nusantara.
500 BCE - INDIAN OCEAN
Austronesian sailors reached Bay of Bengal and Laccdadive sea, establishing trade with Dravidian and Sinhalese toward China.
200 BCE - MARQUESAS, SANSKRITS AND TRADERS ROUTE
The Polynesian people reached the Marquesas, Sanskrit words and possibly some rigging techniques have started to spread east of Peninsular Malaysia. Trade routes were also open between Vietnam and eastern Indonesia as shown by the distribution of the Dong Son Bronze drum. Annual trade between China and India through the Malacca Straits had opened.
COMMON ERA
380 CE - INDOCHINA
Austronesian Cham began adopting Brahmi script to write Cham language, they also adopted Hinduism and established Kingdom of Champa.
683 CE - SUMATRA
Austronesian Malays established Srivijaya Empire as Maritime Powers and adopting Pallava Script and Buddhism from Southern India.
Srivijaya soon conquering neighbouring Kingdom and its Navy controlled Malacca and Sunda Straits connecting trade between India and China.
Srivijaya also made old Malays as Lingua Franca for trade in the Nusantara (Malay Archipelago) and coastal Indochina.
700 CE - POLYNESIA
Austronesian descendant of Lapita People sailed toward uninhabited islands of Tahiti, Te Fenua 'Enana and Tuamotu Archipelago.
The Polynesian called landmass as 'Fenua' similar to Malay/Indonesian 'Benua', civilisation in the Te Fenua 'Enata & Te Henua 'Enana (Marquesas).
Eiao Island provide fine stone for Adze and Axe head exported across 2500 km to distant of Mo'orea (society) and Rarotonga (Cook).
767 CE - GULF OF TONKIN
Champa and Srivijaya Navy began battling each other for the control of Maritime Silk route to China.
781 CE - CAMBODIA
Rivalry between Champa and Srivijaya enabling Khmer of Indrapura (Kampong Cham) to assert their independence from Austronesian overloadship.
775 CE - JAVA
Shailendra Dynasty who rule Srivijaya Empire ordered the construction of Great Borobudur Temple continuing Austronesian trait as great builders.
Borobudur became the largest Buddhist temple in the world shaped as 9 level of steppe Pyramid build with 60,000 metre-cubic of stone.
825 CE - JAVA
After 75 years of construction, Borobudur was completed during 3 reigns of Shailendran Emperors who ruled Mountains and seas.
830 CE - INDIAN OCEAN
After trade with India, Persia and Arabs established, Austronesians during Srivijaya era ventured west to South Eastern coast of Africa.
Austronesian sailors were expert in Navigation using Monsoon winds, star constellation, bird migration pattern cloud shape and direction of waves.
830 CE - MADAGASCAR
Austronesian settlers arrived in Madagascar to established trade settlements and seek better fortune known as 'Ranto'.
900 CE - MADAGASCAR
Bantu people from African mainland began arriving in the coastal area, settler from Nusantara intermarried with Bantu newcomers creating Malagasy culture.
Nusantara settlers also bring rice farming and advance irrigation in the Madagascar along with architecture and social hierarchy.
Austronesian from Madagascar and Asia, along with Bantu Swahilis, Arabs, Persian and Tamils fostered trade in the Indian Ocean.
838 CE - JAVA
Sanjaya Dynasty who also ruled Mataram erected great Hindu Temple complex of Prambanan continuing Austronesian trade of great builders.
856 CE - JAVA
After 2 decade of construction, Prambanan temple complex was finished as World largest Hindu Temple surpassed only by Angkor Wat in the 12th century.
Shailendra Dynasty who ruled both Srivijaya in Sumatra and Mataram in Java was challenged by Sanjaya Dynasty in Mataram Java. Sanjaya managed to oust Shailendra from Java and established Medang Kingdom.
900 CE - LUZON
Kingdom of Tondo establish relationship with Kingdom of Medang in Java who sought to challange to Srivijaya trade domination.
940 CE - HAWAII
Austronesian from Polynesian began sailing Northward and discover Hawaii. bringing civilisation to this uninhabited islands.
945 CE - SWAHILI COAST
Srivijaya Fleet invaded Pemba Island held by Swahili states to take control of Ivory, Iron and turtle shell trade highly demanded in Tang Empire. Swahili held the city firmly and Srivijayan were forced to retreat.
950 CE - TONGA
Emperor Tu'i Tonga 'Aho 'Eitu started to expand his rule outside Tongatapu, establishing Maritime Tonga Empire across Polynesia.
Tonga Fleet roams the Pacific Ocean conquering and uniting islands under Tonga overlordship.
1025 CE - INDIAN OCEAN
Fleet of the Tamil Chola Empire attack and sack Srivijayan coastal cities and capture Srivijayan Emperor when Srivijaya busy battling Khmer in Indochina.
This even marked the decline of Srivijaya empire and Shailendra Dynasty as Shailendra were forced to acknowledge Chola overlordship.
1100 CE - MICRONESIA
Olisihpa & Olosohpa from Western Island arrived in Pohnpei Island in the East. Both were promoter of Agriculture and began erecting centralised state.
Olosohpa established Saudeleur Dynasty and constructed canal cities of Nan-Madol as its capital continuing Austronesian trait as great builders.
1177 CE - CAMBODIA
War with Srivijaya weakened Khmer Empire, Champa Kingdom able to defeat Khmer forces and sack its capital Angkor.
1200 CE - HAWAII
Tahaiti priest Pa'ao came to Hawaii and made reform on Social Law and Structure, appointing first Ali'i Nui(King) and Kahuna (Priest) of Hawaii. The system established by Pa'ao continued to be used until 18th century.
1203 CE - NUSANTARA
Arab Merchants increase its trade with people of Waqwaq whose land rich in gold and exotic woods. Medieval Arab Mapmakers notably Al-Idrissi, placed Waqwaq East of Jazira Malay, Chinese merchants bought sea-cucumber from local fisherman.
1250 CE - MICRONESIA
Isokelekel Dynasty ruled Kosrae Kingdom. It became trading and naval rival of Pohnpei Kingdom in the West ruled by Saudeleur Dynasty.
Kosrae became capital of Emerging Maritime Kingdom, while Pohnpei Kingdom went into decline to abusive Saudeleur Kings.
1250CE - SAMOA
Samoa under Malietoa Launch a rebellion against Tonga Empire. Samoan manage to defeat Tonga forces and expel Tonga Emperor.
1250 CE - RAPA NUI
Rapa Nui people began building great Mo'ai statue erected across the Island using sophisticated Engineering technique.
1267 CE - SUMATRA
Merah Silu converted to Islam as Malek As-Saleh and established Samudera-Pasai Sultanate, the first Sultanate in the Archipelago.
Mongol expansion bring Muslim merchant in Maritime Silk Route spreading Islam in Nusantara and Champa.
1273 CE - CHINA
XiangYang the last bastion of Song Empire was conquered by Mongols, whole China conquered by Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
1275 CE - JAVA
With the fall of Song Empire, Singhasari King Kertanegara sought to made unified alliance against Imminent Mongol Expansion to Southern States.
1282 CE - INDOCHINA
Sogetu led Mongol Yuan Fleet invade Kingdom of Champa, but their campaign was bogged down by Champ guerilla resistance.
1293 CE - JAVA
Mongol Yuan Empire then sent invasion fleet toward Singhasari. But Majapahit Governor tricked Mongol to destroy Kadiri Usurper.
Majapahit then suddenly attack Mongol forces, killing most of Mongol Yuan army. Ending Mongol Yuan invasion of Java.
1334 CE - NUSANTARA
Majapahit emerged as Maritime Empire and continue uniting the Archipelago to thwart Mongol Yuan Invasion.
1350 CE - AOTEAROA
Polynesian arrived and settled in Aotearoa, later known as Maori people. Maori developed PA (fortified village on the Hill).
Maori also developed distinct warrior culture and headhunting practice between warriors.
1400 CE - MALAYA
Parameswara converted to Islam as Sultan Iskandar Syah (King Alexander).Establishing Malacca Sultanate as trade, learning and cultural centre.
1472 CE - INDOCHINA
Emperor Le Thanh Tong of Dai Viet invaded Champa Kingdom. Champa army was defeated and its capital, Vijaya was sacked by Vietnamese.
1453 CE - CONSTANTINOPLE
Ottoman Empire completed the conquest of Eastern Roman Empire. Ottoman & Venetian monopolise the spice trade to Europe.
1492 CE - GRANADA
Castle and Aragon manage to conquer Emirate of Granada. Iberian states became Maritime power with knowledge from Andalusian & Genoese.
1511 CE - MALACCA
Portuguese fleet capture rich trading port of Malacca, ending Malacca Sultanate and disrupting Maritime Silk Route.
380 CE - INDOCHINA
Austronesian Cham began adopting Brahmi script to write Cham language, they also adopted Hinduism and established Kingdom of Champa.
683 CE - SUMATRA
Austronesian Malays established Srivijaya Empire as Maritime Powers and adopting Pallava Script and Buddhism from Southern India.
Srivijaya soon conquering neighbouring Kingdom and its Navy controlled Malacca and Sunda Straits connecting trade between India and China.
Srivijaya also made old Malays as Lingua Franca for trade in the Nusantara (Malay Archipelago) and coastal Indochina.
700 CE - POLYNESIA
Austronesian descendant of Lapita People sailed toward uninhabited islands of Tahiti, Te Fenua 'Enana and Tuamotu Archipelago.
The Polynesian called landmass as 'Fenua' similar to Malay/Indonesian 'Benua', civilisation in the Te Fenua 'Enata & Te Henua 'Enana (Marquesas).
Eiao Island provide fine stone for Adze and Axe head exported across 2500 km to distant of Mo'orea (society) and Rarotonga (Cook).
767 CE - GULF OF TONKIN
Champa and Srivijaya Navy began battling each other for the control of Maritime Silk route to China.
781 CE - CAMBODIA
Rivalry between Champa and Srivijaya enabling Khmer of Indrapura (Kampong Cham) to assert their independence from Austronesian overloadship.
775 CE - JAVA
Shailendra Dynasty who rule Srivijaya Empire ordered the construction of Great Borobudur Temple continuing Austronesian trait as great builders.
Borobudur became the largest Buddhist temple in the world shaped as 9 level of steppe Pyramid build with 60,000 metre-cubic of stone.
825 CE - JAVA
After 75 years of construction, Borobudur was completed during 3 reigns of Shailendran Emperors who ruled Mountains and seas.
830 CE - INDIAN OCEAN
After trade with India, Persia and Arabs established, Austronesians during Srivijaya era ventured west to South Eastern coast of Africa.
Austronesian sailors were expert in Navigation using Monsoon winds, star constellation, bird migration pattern cloud shape and direction of waves.
830 CE - MADAGASCAR
Austronesian settlers arrived in Madagascar to established trade settlements and seek better fortune known as 'Ranto'.
900 CE - MADAGASCAR
Bantu people from African mainland began arriving in the coastal area, settler from Nusantara intermarried with Bantu newcomers creating Malagasy culture.
Nusantara settlers also bring rice farming and advance irrigation in the Madagascar along with architecture and social hierarchy.
Austronesian from Madagascar and Asia, along with Bantu Swahilis, Arabs, Persian and Tamils fostered trade in the Indian Ocean.
838 CE - JAVA
Sanjaya Dynasty who also ruled Mataram erected great Hindu Temple complex of Prambanan continuing Austronesian trade of great builders.
856 CE - JAVA
After 2 decade of construction, Prambanan temple complex was finished as World largest Hindu Temple surpassed only by Angkor Wat in the 12th century.
Shailendra Dynasty who ruled both Srivijaya in Sumatra and Mataram in Java was challenged by Sanjaya Dynasty in Mataram Java. Sanjaya managed to oust Shailendra from Java and established Medang Kingdom.
900 CE - LUZON
Kingdom of Tondo establish relationship with Kingdom of Medang in Java who sought to challange to Srivijaya trade domination.
940 CE - HAWAII
Austronesian from Polynesian began sailing Northward and discover Hawaii. bringing civilisation to this uninhabited islands.
945 CE - SWAHILI COAST
Srivijaya Fleet invaded Pemba Island held by Swahili states to take control of Ivory, Iron and turtle shell trade highly demanded in Tang Empire. Swahili held the city firmly and Srivijayan were forced to retreat.
950 CE - TONGA
Emperor Tu'i Tonga 'Aho 'Eitu started to expand his rule outside Tongatapu, establishing Maritime Tonga Empire across Polynesia.
Tonga Fleet roams the Pacific Ocean conquering and uniting islands under Tonga overlordship.
1025 CE - INDIAN OCEAN
Fleet of the Tamil Chola Empire attack and sack Srivijayan coastal cities and capture Srivijayan Emperor when Srivijaya busy battling Khmer in Indochina.
This even marked the decline of Srivijaya empire and Shailendra Dynasty as Shailendra were forced to acknowledge Chola overlordship.
1100 CE - MICRONESIA
Olisihpa & Olosohpa from Western Island arrived in Pohnpei Island in the East. Both were promoter of Agriculture and began erecting centralised state.
Olosohpa established Saudeleur Dynasty and constructed canal cities of Nan-Madol as its capital continuing Austronesian trait as great builders.
1177 CE - CAMBODIA
War with Srivijaya weakened Khmer Empire, Champa Kingdom able to defeat Khmer forces and sack its capital Angkor.
1200 CE - HAWAII
Tahaiti priest Pa'ao came to Hawaii and made reform on Social Law and Structure, appointing first Ali'i Nui(King) and Kahuna (Priest) of Hawaii. The system established by Pa'ao continued to be used until 18th century.
1203 CE - NUSANTARA
Arab Merchants increase its trade with people of Waqwaq whose land rich in gold and exotic woods. Medieval Arab Mapmakers notably Al-Idrissi, placed Waqwaq East of Jazira Malay, Chinese merchants bought sea-cucumber from local fisherman.
1250 CE - MICRONESIA
Isokelekel Dynasty ruled Kosrae Kingdom. It became trading and naval rival of Pohnpei Kingdom in the West ruled by Saudeleur Dynasty.
Kosrae became capital of Emerging Maritime Kingdom, while Pohnpei Kingdom went into decline to abusive Saudeleur Kings.
1250CE - SAMOA
Samoa under Malietoa Launch a rebellion against Tonga Empire. Samoan manage to defeat Tonga forces and expel Tonga Emperor.
1250 CE - RAPA NUI
Rapa Nui people began building great Mo'ai statue erected across the Island using sophisticated Engineering technique.
1267 CE - SUMATRA
Merah Silu converted to Islam as Malek As-Saleh and established Samudera-Pasai Sultanate, the first Sultanate in the Archipelago.
Mongol expansion bring Muslim merchant in Maritime Silk Route spreading Islam in Nusantara and Champa.
1273 CE - CHINA
XiangYang the last bastion of Song Empire was conquered by Mongols, whole China conquered by Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
1275 CE - JAVA
With the fall of Song Empire, Singhasari King Kertanegara sought to made unified alliance against Imminent Mongol Expansion to Southern States.
1282 CE - INDOCHINA
Sogetu led Mongol Yuan Fleet invade Kingdom of Champa, but their campaign was bogged down by Champ guerilla resistance.
1293 CE - JAVA
Mongol Yuan Empire then sent invasion fleet toward Singhasari. But Majapahit Governor tricked Mongol to destroy Kadiri Usurper.
Majapahit then suddenly attack Mongol forces, killing most of Mongol Yuan army. Ending Mongol Yuan invasion of Java.
1334 CE - NUSANTARA
Majapahit emerged as Maritime Empire and continue uniting the Archipelago to thwart Mongol Yuan Invasion.
1350 CE - AOTEAROA
Polynesian arrived and settled in Aotearoa, later known as Maori people. Maori developed PA (fortified village on the Hill).
Maori also developed distinct warrior culture and headhunting practice between warriors.
1400 CE - MALAYA
Parameswara converted to Islam as Sultan Iskandar Syah (King Alexander).Establishing Malacca Sultanate as trade, learning and cultural centre.
1472 CE - INDOCHINA
Emperor Le Thanh Tong of Dai Viet invaded Champa Kingdom. Champa army was defeated and its capital, Vijaya was sacked by Vietnamese.
1453 CE - CONSTANTINOPLE
Ottoman Empire completed the conquest of Eastern Roman Empire. Ottoman & Venetian monopolise the spice trade to Europe.
1492 CE - GRANADA
Castle and Aragon manage to conquer Emirate of Granada. Iberian states became Maritime power with knowledge from Andalusian & Genoese.
1511 CE - MALACCA
Portuguese fleet capture rich trading port of Malacca, ending Malacca Sultanate and disrupting Maritime Silk Route.
1519 - 22 - Austronesian Family Language
The earliest European documents on language of the Austronesian family are two short vocabularies collected by Antonio Pigafetta, the Italian chronicler of the Ferdinande Magellan expedition.
1521 CE - MACTAN
Chief Lapu-Lapu resisted Spanish Incursion and manage to defeat Spanish forces led by Magellan.
1603 CE - Madagascar & Malay Archipelago
1521 CE - MACTAN
Chief Lapu-Lapu resisted Spanish Incursion and manage to defeat Spanish forces led by Magellan.
1603 CE - Madagascar & Malay Archipelago
Duth explorer Cornelius de Houtman observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago.
1629 CE - JAYAKARTA
European 'Trading' companies began to conquer land to dominate spice trade. Mataram Sultanate besiege Dutch VOC Base at Batavia.
1693 CE - MADAGASCAR
French pirate infested in coastal Madagascar & reunion, slave trade became rampart by European toward new colonies in America.
1629 CE - JAYAKARTA
European 'Trading' companies began to conquer land to dominate spice trade. Mataram Sultanate besiege Dutch VOC Base at Batavia.
1693 CE - MADAGASCAR
French pirate infested in coastal Madagascar & reunion, slave trade became rampart by European toward new colonies in America.
1708 CE - Linguistic Connection
The first formal publication on linguistic connection between Madagascar, Polynesia and Southeast Asia were by Dutch Orientalist Adriaan Reland .
1778 CE - Polynesian & Southeast Asia
1778 CE - Polynesian & Southeast Asia
German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster who traveled with James Cook in his second voyage, recognised the similarities between Polynesian language to those of Island Southeast Asia.
1779 CE - KEALAKEKUA BAY
British Navy began roaming in the Pacific, Ali'i Nui Kalani'Opu'u King of Hawaii defeated British Forces led by James Cook.
1779 CE - KEALAKEKUA BAY
British Navy began roaming in the Pacific, Ali'i Nui Kalani'Opu'u King of Hawaii defeated British Forces led by James Cook.
1795 CE - Malay Race
A German Physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach named Austronesian the 'Malay race' or 'brown race' after correnpondence with Joseph Banks who was part of the the first voyage of James Book.
1841 CE - Malayo-Polynesian
The 'Malayo-Polynesian' language family was first coined by the German linguist Franz Bopp .
1846 CE - RUAPEKAPEKA
Hone Keke & Te Ruki Kawiti challenged British Rule and led Maori resistance in fortified Pa of Ruapekapeka.Outnumbered and outgunned Maori warrior able to resist overwhelming British Forces, the war ended in stalemate.
1846 CE - RUAPEKAPEKA
Hone Keke & Te Ruki Kawiti challenged British Rule and led Maori resistance in fortified Pa of Ruapekapeka.Outnumbered and outgunned Maori warrior able to resist overwhelming British Forces, the war ended in stalemate.
1870 CE - "AUSTRALIOID RADE
The Term 'Australioid Race' was introduced by Thomas Huxley, English biologist and anthropologist.
1899 CE - Term "Austronesian"
The Austrian linguist and ethnologist Wilhelm Schmidt coined the term 'Austronesian' and proposed the term as replacement to 'Malayo-Polynesian' languages.
Copy and paste: 14/1/2021: 1 Jamadilakhir 1442H: 11.23 am
Copy and paste: 14/1/2021: 1 Jamadilakhir 1442H: 11.23 am
No comments:
Post a Comment