Monday, 13 March 2023

Wanita Nabatea Yang Membuka Mata Dunia Tentang Budaya Arab An-Nabat

BY AHMAD FAEZAL > KRONIKEL DUNIA
11 FEBRUARY 2023
(Posted by Rozza Zainal > FB PERISTIWA N' SEJARAH)

Pada tahun 2015, sepasukan saintis meninjau tapak bersejarah Hegra yang terletak dalam bandar AlUla. Di sini mereka menemui rangka seorang wanita dipercayai hidup sekitar 2,000+ tahun yang lalu. Penemuan ini sebenarnya sangat penting kerana saintis sedang bergelut dalam usaha untuk memahami budaya an-Nabat (Nabatean culture). Satu saja masalah: bangsa ini tiada sistem tulisan rasmi.
Jadi segala warna-warni budaya tenggelam dalam timbunan masa. Maka rangka ini adalah salah satu cara untuk mengenali budaya an-Nabat.
Sebelum itu, biar saya terangkan dulu pasal an-Nabat. Mereka sudah lama wujud; tetapi pertama kali disebut sejarah semasa pemerintahan Tukulti-apil-Esarra III (Raja Neo-Assyria). Ketika itu, Neo-Assyria menyangka mereka bersuku Aramean. Sangkaan tersebut ternyata salah, kerana an-Nabat (seperti ditulis Neo-Assyria) sebenarnya berbangsa Arab (Lipinski, 2000).
Beratus-ratus tahun mereka berada dalam payungan Neo-Assyria, yang diganti Neo-Babylonia… sebelum kebangkitan Parsi semasa zaman pemerintahan Kurus II.
Berdiri Di Atas Kaki Sendiri
Budaya an-Nabat membina sebuah kerajaan bermula pada abad keempat S.M. Ketika ini, mereka dipimpin dalam bentuk ‘majlis orang-orang tua’ yang pandai mengambil kesempatan kerana menyedari lokasi mereka sangat strategik untuk perdagangan. Untuk memudahkan pemahaman, biar kita bezakan “an-Nabat” dan “Nabatea” masing-masing sebagai budaya dan negara.
Sekitar abad ketiga S.M., budaya an-Nabat membangunkan sebuah kerajaan iaitu Nabatea. Penemuan arkeologi daripada zaman ini mengesahkan populasi Nabatea bertutur dan beragama Arab (Maalouf, 2003). Dan zon kenegaraan mereka lebih tertumpu di bahagian Utara Hejaz.
Namun mereka jauh sekali berkuasa secara mutlak. Boleh kata ramai tidak suka mereka. Catatan menggambarkan Raja Aretas I sebagai “penzalim Arab”. Dan Nabatea juga pandai bermain diplomasi. Mereka menyokong Yahudi Makkabi yang dizalimi Seleucid. Tapi terkemudian, mereka berperang pula dengan Yahudi Hasmonea yang mengepung Gaza pada 100 S.M.
Apabila Nabatea menewaskan Hasmonea, pihak Seleucid pula panas hati. Kerana Nabatea dianggap terlalu kuat selepas menyelesaikan sebuah konflik (Ball, 2016). Kira buat apa pun salah. Selepas Seleucid, pihak Nabatea berkelahian pula dengan Republik Rom. Kali ini mereka tewas dan dijadikan naungan.
Rampasan Bumi Nabatea
Raja terakhir yang memerintah Nabatea merdeka adalah Aretas III. Baginda berkuasa antara 87 hingga 62 S.M. Jadi mudah kata, perdamaian dengan Rom sebenarnya bagus untuk diri sendiri. Kerana tiada empayar berani kacau mereka… sampailah Rom sendiri menjadi sebuah empayar dibawah Augustus. Sebagai sekutu baik, Rom berbesar hati memberi segala pengaruh kepada Nabatea sampai berkuasa dari Laut Merah ke Yaman.
Ibu negaranya iaitu bandar Petra menjadi sebuah pusat perdagangan pelbagai jenis bangsa. Tidak berani memberontak, bangsa Arab di Nabatea menjadi lebih bertamadun. Mereka memburu ilmu perdagangan dan pertanian ke tahap untuk memastikan persahabatan dengan Rom takkan sesekali tercabar.
Walau bagaimanapun, mereka tidak begitu menceburi sistem tulisan. Mana-mana yang menulis pun adalah dalam bahasa Aramaic – yang tidak lengkap bercerita pasal lenggok anutan dan budaya mereka. Dan pada tahun 106 (selepas Masihi), Nabatea runtuh. Kenapa?
Kerana raja Rabbel II mangkat tanpa pewaris yang bertakhta. Baginda adalah raja terakhir Nabatea. Mengambil peluang, Maharaja Trajan menghantar bala tenteranya untuk mengambil bumi Nabatea yang ditukar menjadi “Arabia Petraea”. Pengilhakan ini dikatakan sangat licin, barangkali rangkulan kuasa semata-mata tanpa pertumpahan darah (barangkali golongan bangsawan saja yang marah).
Bukan lagi Nabatea walaupun berbudaya an-Nabat, bangsa Arab Petraea ini mula menulis dalam bahasa Rom.
Wanita Nabatea
Rangka wanita yang ditemui di AlUla dipercayai hidup semasa awal zaman Empayar Rom, iaitu dalam abad terakhir Nabatea sebagai kerajaan naungan. Rangka ini dikeluarkan daripada makam untuk tujuan imbasan. Selama tujuh tahun saintis meneliti rekabentuk tulang-temulangnya, untuk mengumpulkan data berkaitan antropologi dan arkeologi.
Setelah berpuas hati, mereka menggunakan mesin cetak 3D untuk ‘cetakkan’ hasil imbasan mereka. Tujuannya adalah untuk menghidupkan wajah yang sudah lama reput ditelan zaman. Akhirnya setelah siap, mereka mengenakan hasil cetakan dengan pakaian berbudaya Arab.
Maka lengkaplah wajah Wanita Nabatea yang hari ini menarik perhatian ramai saintis untuk turun ke tapak-tapak arkeologi supaya dapat mendedahkan lagi rahsia budaya an-Nabat.
Tidak banyak yang didedahkan pasalnya, kecuali saintis bagi nama ‘Hinat’… dan dia dikeluarkan daripada makam bersama 80 rangka yang lain.
RUJUKAN:
  1. Ball, W. (2016, Jun 10). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. Halaman 65.
  2. Lipinski, E. (2000). The Arameans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Peeters Publishers. Halaman 448-450.
  3. Maalouf, T. (2003). Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God’s Prophetic Plan for Ishmael’s Line. Kregel Academic.
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13/3/2023 > 20 Syaaban 1444H: 12. 58 pm

Manna & Salwa, Makanan dari Langit untuk Bani Israil

By Zaki Sapuan Al-Hafiz
MUTIARA ISLAM : 11 February 2023
(Posted by Rozza Zainal > FB PERISTIWA N' SEJARAH
Katalah korang tersesat dalam hutan. Lapar-lapar pulak, ada orang bagi makan free. Apa korang ucap? Mesti la terima kasih kan.
Beza benor dengan Bani Israil. Diorang bukan order foodpanda tau. Allah turunkan Manna & Salwa istimewa dari langit! Dah la tak bagi 5 star, tu pun banyak complain?!
Nabi Muhammad pernah diturunkan satu ayat Quran yang buat ramai Rabbai Yahudi tercengang. Macam mana tahu pasal ni??
یَـٰبَنِیۤ إِسۡرَ ٰ⁠ۤءِیلَ ٱذۡكُرُوا۟ نِعۡمَتِیَ ٱلَّتِیۤ أَنۡعَمۡتُ عَلَیۡكُمۡ وَأَوۡفُوا۟ بِعَهۡدِیۤ أُوفِ بِعَهۡدِكُمۡ وَإِیَّـٰیَ فَٱرۡهَبُونِ﴿ ٤٠ ﴾
Wahai Bani Israil! Kenangkanlah kamu akan segala nikmat yang telah Kuberikan kepada kamu, dan sempurnakanlah perjanjian (kamu) denganKu, supaya Aku sempurnakan perjanjianKu dengan kamu; dan kepada Akulah sahaja hendaklah kamu merasa gerun takut, (bukan kepada sesuatu yang lain).
(Al-Baqarah, Ayat 40)
PERJANJIAN. Allah ungkit balik tentang perjanjian Bani Israil dalam Taurat yang telah Rabbai Yahudi sembunyikan. Patutnya, diorang mesti beriman dengan Nabi akhir zaman, yakni baginda Rasulullah. Diorang tak puas hati lahir Rasul dari bangsa Arab, bukan bangsa Yahudi. Ini menjadi sebab Rabbai menafikan kenabian Rasulullah. Dengan turunnya ayat di atas, terbongkarlah muslihat mereka selama ini.
Tafsir Tabari sebut, sampai 6 nikmat besar Allah bagi pada diorang:
Demi sebesar-besar nikmat iman, diutuskan ramai Rasul serta diturunkan kitab-kitab suci seperti Zabur, Taurat dan Injil. Kaum Yahudi tak dibiarkan merana, Allah selamatkan diorang daripada penindasan Firaun. Manjanya diorang, sampaikan bila berjalan merentasi padang pasir yang panas terik, diorang redup dinaungi awan. Bila lapar sewaktu sesat 40 hari, Allah turunkan Manna & Salwa dari langit. Tak cukup dengan itu, bila dahaga Nabi Musa ketuk batu dan keluarlah 12 pancuran mata air. Tu pun complain lebih.
Manna & Salwa ni apa? Special tau Allah turunkan dari langit.
Manna:
Ada yang kata Luban (Arabic Gum). Tabsir Ibn Katsir sebut Manna turun pada diorang macam salji, lebih putih daripada susu dan lebih manis daripada madu. Turun time subuh sampailah terbit matahari. Makan masa tu, mencukup untuk seharian. Ada yang kata likatnya macam madu dan kena campur dengan air, baru diminum. Pendapat lain kata Manna ni roti. Ada yang bandingkan dengan madu yang kita biasa makan, Manna 70 kali ganda lagi lazat. Macam manisan halawiyat. Bani Israil minta ni dengan Nabi Musa bila kelaparan.
Salwa:
Sejenis burung macam puyuh. Burung made in paradise, dari syurga kau! Saiznya besar sikit daripada burung biasa. Ada yang kata serupa burung merpati. Bani Israil minta nak makan daging dengan Nabi Musa, lantas bertiuplah angin kepada mereka sambil membawakan Salwa.
Bila dah dapat makan Manna & Salwa, diorang tanya lagi nak minum apa? Tu yang Nabi Musa ketuk batu dan memancarlah mata air segar sedia diminum.
Tapi perangai Yahudi, memang kuat complain.
Dan (kenangkanlah) ketika kamu berkata: “Wahai Musa, kami tidak sabar (sudah jemu) dengan makanan yang semacam sahaja; maka pohonkanlah kepada Tuhanmu untuk kami, supaya dikeluarkan bagi kami sebahagian dari apa yang tumbuh di bumi; dari sayur-sayurannya, dan mentimunnya, dan bawang putihnya, dan adas (kacang dalnya), serta bawang merahnya”. Nabi Musa menjawab: “Adakah kamu mahu menukar sesuatu yang kurang baik dengan meninggalkan yang lebih baik? Turunlah kamu ke bandar kerana di sana kamu boleh dapati apa yang kamu minta itu”. Dan mereka ditimpakan dengan kehinaan dan kepapaan, dan sudah sepatutnya mereka mendapat kemurkaan dari Allah. Yang demikian itu ialah disebabkan mereka kufur (mengingkari) ayat-ayat Allah (perintah-perintah dan mukjizat-mukjizat yang membuktikan kebesaranNya); dan mereka pula membunuh Nabi-nabi dengan tidak ada alasan yang benar. Yang demikian itu ialah disebabkan mereka menderhaka dan mereka pula sentiasa menceroboh. (Surah Baqarah, Ayat 61)
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13 March 2023 > 20 Syaaban 1444H: 12.49 pm

Sunday, 12 March 2023

THE QALA'I SWORD REMAINS A MYSTERY

By Prof. Solehah Yaacob
Sungai Batu 788 BC: The Great Kingdom of Kedah Tua

Few researchers are interested to pursue this extensively.
I actually wonder if many Malays have heard of this sword and have gone to discover precious findings. My hunch is there is a passing interest gleaned from a handful of Facebook or Blog postings. Hopefully, this will change. In the meantime, I shall attempt to provide an insight and highlight the challenges ahead.
Qala`i originated from the word قلعى (ق ل ع ى ) and was discovered in an Assyria inscription dated 1300 BC under the reign of Ashurbanipal 1.
A peek into ancient inscriptions :
The system did not contain any vowel alphabet, only consonants (E.F.L. Beeston) and the Pw-r-s-ty for Philistines (Wainwright, 1961).
The Qala`i sword is pronounced as قلعى without the vowel sound.
Biblical Studies pronounced it as “Calah” based on European pronunciation, not as in the manner of Semitic sound.
Ironically, the Biblical Studies assumed that Calah (later called Nimrod) was situated in Mesopotamia by means of literary evidence. They did not base this on archaeology discovery.
A sword of Prophet Muhammad kept at the Topkapi Museum, Istanbul.
The landmark discovery of Sungai Batu was established by Datuk Dr Prof Mokhtar Saidin (Malaysian Archeologist) in 2007.
We have also discerned that in the ancient Arab world, the region identified as Calah referred to the East Hind, which means Kedah in Malaysia (S.Q.Fatimi).
We believe the word Qalai for Qalai sword) سيف قلعى ( originated from the word Q L ( ق ل ع ) in Assyrian inscription based on Qalai sword evidence.
Al Kindi (ca. 184 H/800 AD) book رسالة الكندي في عمل السيوف (Kindis Treatise On Swords and Their Kinds) divided the type of steel swords into three; ancient (Atiq), modern (Muhdath) and finally "neither ancient nor modern"; as-Soyaqalah and al-Matuqah ( ليست بعتيقة ولا محدثة فتنقسم إلى قسمين الصياقلة والمتوقة).
Ancient swords are divided into three categories; Yemeni(the most excellent), Qala`i (the second level) and Indian (the third level); all are called Faqirun( Al Kindi, chapter 2).
Otherwise, Al Biruni (ca. 362 H/973 AD) in his book الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر ( The masses know the gems ) seems prepared to believe that Qalai sword originated from Calah/Kedah, Malaysia as mentioned: ومن الشابرقان سيوف الروم والروس والصقالبة وربما قيل له قَلَعَ بنصب اللام وبجزمها فيقال - تسمع للقلع طنينا ولغيره ونسب إليه نوع من السيوف فسميت قلعية وظنها قوم منسوبة إلى موضع (موضع العمل) كالهندية واليمانية والمشرفية، فقالوا: أنها تحمل من كله كما يحمل منها الرصاص وينسب إليها القلعى Among the Shabarqan are the swords of the Romans, the Russians, and the Saqalaba )Slave swords)It is sometimes called Qalai, pronounced with ‘a’ on the ‘I’ and without a vowel. Thus it is said: You hear a ring from the Qalai, but a harsh tone from anything else. A type of sword is ascribed to it, hence called Qalai. Some people believe that their name derives from a place, as is the case with India, the Yemeni and the Mashrafi swords, and they say that they were brought from Calah, just as tin was brought from there, and so the Qala`i swords are related to this place.
Then, he mentioned the poem by al-Husayn ibn al Hamam al Murri:
تراوح بالصخر الأصم رؤسهم إذا القلع الرومي منها تثلّما
We bring heavy rocks upon their heads while they blunt the Byzantine Qala`i swords.
The illusion here is to Sharbuqan, since Byzantine swords are made from nothing else, as stressed by Al Ajjaj:
إني إذا الموت كمع أضربهم بذي القلع
When death embraces I strike them with Qala`i swords
In conclusion, the use of Qala`i swords by the Byzantine, Viking dynasty and Slav, as mentioned by al Biruni and a few Arab poets, synergises the new research angle on Alam Melayu.
Note: Prof Solehah Yaacob of the Arabic Department Language and Literature,
International Islamic University Malaysia, would soon begin to publicly present her arguments that this was a Qala’i sword. This brand is said to have originated from Kedah Tua. In 2007, Prof Mokhtar Saidin’s team at Universiti Sains Malaysia, made an important discovery that Sungai Batu in Kedah was indeed an important hub for the iron industry for a sustained period. Prof Mokhtar, contacted by ApaKhabar , said the iron industry of Sungai Batu commenced from the 8th Century BCE (Before Common Era) to the 13th Century CE. Prof Solehah acknowledged that this long preceded Prophet Muhammad’s era. This is Prof Solehah’s first-ever article on this subject.
**************************
Join the coming seminar for more from Prof Solehah
Registration link

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12/3/2023 > 20 Syaaban 1444H: 9.47 am

Friday, 10 March 2023

For the first time, MH370 investigator shares story on monumental task to uncover mystery

By Aliza Shah, Lylia Marsya Iskandar
New Straits Time > 8 March 2023

KUALA LUMPUR: On this day nine years ago, 239 people boarded Malaysia Airlines (MAS) flight MH370 at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) for Beijing, China.

There was nothing to indicate that it would be the last time they would ever be seen again.

What happened next has been well-documented. Some 40 minutes into what should have been a six-hour flight, the aircraft's transponder was switched off and the plane veered from its course.

Efforts to locate the aircraft led to the formation of at least two committees — the Malaysian International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Annex 13 Safety Investigation for MH370 and the police's Criminal Investigation Department (CID) MH370 task force.

Among those involved in the operation was Datuk Mohd Khalil Kader Mohd, who was the MH370 lead Criminal Investigator.

For the first time in nine years, Khalil, now retired, shares his story on how his 25-man team worked to uncover possible criminal elements behind what has become the world's biggest aviation mystery.

A MONUMENTAL TASK

Khalil said when Datuk Seri Hadi Ho Abdullah, who was then Federal Criminal Investigation Department (CID) chief, told him that he was appointing Khalil as the lead criminal investigator for the case, his reaction was initially one of trepidation.

"I knew nothing about airplanes. I asked Hadi, 'do we have any other candidates (to lead the team?' He replied, 'No, we pick you, so you proceed," he said.

Khalil said he faced tremendous pressure and stress, handling countless briefings, fielding calls every hour and returning home at 3am every day for three months.

However, he said it was nothing compared with the weight carried by the next-of-kin.

"They went through a lot more. We did our best to understand what happened and where the plane was. Unfortunately, it has yet to yield results."

He said the MH370 CID task force was formed to investigate possible criminal acts, which could have led to the aircraft deviating from its original path and disappear.

The probe was conducted under Section 130C of the Penal Code, to establish any act of terrorism.

Investigators, he said, had zoomed in on four main aspects — hijack, sabotage, personal and psychological problems.

The focus of their investigation centred on 12 main components — to establish MH370's flight path, fuel and airworthiness, technical crew (pilot and co-pilot), the 10 cabin crew, 227 passengers, the Iranian passengers with stolen passports, maintenance and ground crew, cargo, closed-circuit television camera (CCTV) recordings and relevant witnesses.

He said to effectively investigate the case, his team, comprising the best investigation officers nationwide, were given a crash course on aircraft mechanism.

"We needed to understand what transponders are, radars and others.

"MAS engineers taught us the mechanics from the nose to the tail. In the end, we became 'mini engineers'," he said.

DEALING WITH THEORIES

Khalil said the investigation was one of the most thorough probes he had been a part of in his 40 years of service.

He said apart from managing expectations, not just from Malaysians but also from China, which made up the bulk of MH370's passengers, they also had to deal with the various theories raised.

Some, he said, ranged from plausible to the ridiculous.

"Those shared by the professionals were helpful but nevertheless, we were obligated to investigate all the theories.

The theories included supposed sightings of debris in the Indian Ocean, as well as how a shipment of mangosteens on MH370 could have mixed with a cargo of lithium batteries, creating a 'flying bomb' onboard.

He said they checked out this theory, from vehicle used to transport the cargo, and even inspecting the plantations in Muar, Johor.

"We even inspected the packing process. I personally travelled to China to inspect the records to establish that yes, this was not the first time that mangosteens were exported there," he said.

He said they concluded that the items were in separate cargoes, sealed properly according to international standards and could in no way have mixed onboard.

On the theory that MH370 had actually landed at the 'secret military base' at Diego Garcia, Khalil said their probe was only based on existing data and facts.

PILOT SUICIDE

Among the enduring theories was that the pilot, Captain Zaharie Ahmad Shah, had hijacked the aircraft.

This was based on the assessment that the transponder was deliberately turned off, and that MH370 had made a deliberate air turn back in the South China Sea headed towards Penang, Zaharie's hometown.

Reports also claimed that data retrieved from Zaharie's flight simulator at his home showed a similar flight path to the route flown by MH370.

Khalil said their forensic investigations indicated that the similarity was irrelevant.

"We checked his background. We questioned his friends, none of whom gave negative (statements).

"It meant that he was very friendly, humble, a family man, and jovial, that was what we recorded," he said.

Khalil said they also scrutinised numerous CCTV recordings of Zaharie's movements at the airport and workplace, engaged psychologists and even examined the books he read.

"Basically, there was no ground to support the (pilot suicide) theory. All I can say is that this remains inconclusive until we find the aircraft," he said.

In 2017, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) published details on data extracted from Captain Zaharie's personal flight simulator.

The details were contained in a 440-page final report on the unsuccessful search for MH370.

The report said six weeks before the accident, the pilot-in-command had used his simulator to fly a route, initially similar to part of the route flown by MH370 up the Straits of Melaka, with a left-hand turn and track into the southern Indian Ocean.

"There were enough similarities to the flight path of MH370 for the ATSB to carefully consider the possible implications for the underwater search area (southern Indian Ocean)," it stated.

IRANIANS WITH STOLEN PASSPORTS

In the early phases of the disappearance, concerns were sparked over the role of two Iranians onboard MH370, who had used passports reported stolen in Thailand.

Khalil clarified that the duo — Seyed Mohammed Reza Delavar, 29, and Pouria Nourmohammadi, 18 — were actually supposed to have boarded an earlier flight.

Nourmohammadi was reportedly making his way to Germany to seek asylum and reunite with his mother.

"The family members bought the passports for these two to migrate.

"They were supposed to board an earlier flight, before MH370, but they missed it.

"So they bought another ticket, which was for MH370," he said, adding that they met with the duo's parents for clarification.

TRANSPARENCY POSER

Khalil also addressed criticism that Malaysia was not transparent in its findings, arguing that the country isn't the only one probing the incident.

"This question should be directed to the Transport Ministry, not the police. It is not fair for me to comment but I don't understand why they would claim Malaysia is not being transparent when the investigation committee comprised not just Malaysians.

"The committee is represented by experts from other countries, led by Australia (ATSB).

"So what is it that we haven't been transparent about? I think Malaysia has done its best," he said, adding that intelligence authorities from other countries had also probed the backgrounds of MH370 passengers.

He said the investigation has never been closed.

"The investigation paper remains open until new evidence arises, at which point we would proceed with the probe," he said.

Khalil said in any criminal investigation, two elements must established — the act and the intention.

"We have to look at the acts — air turn back, transponders switched off. With these facts, we then have to prove the intention.

"In the case of MH370, we have the acts. However, it has not led to any conclusion that can help establish any criminal activities.

"But the main evidence, the aircraft itself, remains missing. This is why we cannot conclude the investigation," he said.

Khalil said while he was satisfied that they have done all they can in the probe, he was nevertheless saddened that the aircraft, as well as its black box, remain missing.

"The other day, I visited my parents' graves in Seremban. While I was there, I was approached by someone who was visiting his cousin's grave.

"He said he knew me because I was in the newspapers talking about MH370.

"He told me that his close friend was on the plane. He asked me, 'Please, can you share just a bit on where the airplane is, what actually happened?'

"I felt sad. I wept. I told him, let's pray that we will find the plane. That is my hope.

"With the amount of human knowledge that we have right now, there is nothing else we can do.

"We can however hope that God will help us to find the plane," he said.

Copy and paste: 10 March 2023 > 17 Syaaban 1444H: 10.22 am

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Sunday, 5 March 2023

PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA - THE JOURNEY OF A LIFETIME

Labyka Allahuma Labayke, Labayka La Shareek Laka Labayke, Ina Al-Hamda wa Ne’amta Laka wal Mulk, La Shareek Lak. In English: “Here I am O Allah, here I am. Here I am, You have no partner, here I am. Indeed all praise, grace and sovereignty belong to You. You have no partner”. 
These are the words chanted by the millions of Muslims who go to fulfill their Pilgrimage to Mecca

Hajj sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji on Haj in English is the 5th pillar of Islam and the last obligatory duty in Islam. It occurs in the month of Zulhijjah which is the 12th month of Islamic lunar calendar. The word "Hajj" means "to attend a journey". It is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must carried out at least once throughout their lives, they must be physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and of supporting their family during their absence from home. 

As one of the 5 pillars of Islam, every year over 3 million Muslims head over to Mecca, Saudi Arabia to undergo a once in a lifetime obligation to perform the sacred pilgrimage which is called the Hajj. This is an obligation for those who can afford it. The Hajj pilgrimage is a thing of beauty, it’s definitely on every Muslim’s bucket list.

The world wants peace. It started the League of Nations after the First World War but failed. Then it started the United Nations Organisations after the Second World War but has not seen success. 

But 14th centuries ago, Islam inaugurated the League of Nations and Annual Conference of Nations have taken place ever since. In Islam, there is the annual gathering of Muslim at Mecca, called the Hajj or Pilgrimage. There, we can see different peoples all forming one family circle and united in one great nationality that of the Muslim. 

The present pattern of Hajj was established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). However, according to the Quran, the elements of Hajj trace back to the time  of Abraham (pbuh). Abraham a.s. was commanded to build the Ka'aba (house of God). 

In pre-Islamic Arabia, known as Age of Ignorance (Zaman Jahiliyah), the Ka'aba was surrounded by the Pagan idols. In 630 A.D, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) led his followers from Medina to Mecca, cleansed the Ka'aba by destroying all the pagan idols. And in 632 A.D Muhammad (pbuh) performed his only and last pilgrimage with his large number of followers and instructed them  on the rites of Hajj. It was from this point that Hajj became one of the 5 pillars of Islam.  




At this gathering, we can see Muslims all over the world regardless of races and skin colors, the rich and the poor, master and servant, all dress alike and there is nothing to destroy the unity of Mankind. This ritual is designed to promote the bonds of Islamic brotherhood and sisterhood by showing that everyone  is equal in the eyes of Allah. Muslims can feel the real importance of life here on earth and the afterlife, by stripping away all markers of social status, wealth and pride as in the Hajj all are truly equal. All wear simple white clothes called Ihram. Hujaj are there for one common goal and that is to worship the One God and to seek His mervy and forgiveness. 

In this pilgrimage, there are many ceremonies to be performed in Mecca, like the circuit of the Ka'aba the "House of God" (Tawaf), visit the hills of Safa and Marwah (Sa'ie), then remain in the valley of Mina, Mudzalifah and Mount Arafat (Arafah) and throwing pebbles etc.  

GOING TO MECCA

I went on Hajj at the age of 56 years in 2017. I registered for Hajj in 2016 and made a few attempts of Appeal to Tabung Haji (TH) and to Jabatan Hal Ehwal Veteran (JHEV) Angkatan Tentera Malaysia as a Navy Veteran, and Alhamdulillah I got the offer to perform Hajj on 2017.

However this is not the first time for my visit to Mecca and Medina as I have performed the Umrah in 2015 with my wife, my Sister and my Niece. Hence, it was not the first time seeing the Ka’abah  during my Hajj. For every Muslim, standing in front of the Ka’abah for the first time was so surreal as all these while, we could only see Ka’abah on the TV, magazine, newspaper etc..How would you feel to be in the same area and the same spot where our beloved Prophet once stood.

Many pilgrims fly to Jeddah, and then travel to Mecca by Bus, the same when I performed Hajj in 2017. The Hajj is a journey with rites and rituals to be done along the way to Mecca. You journey to Hajj begin with the "Miqat" the boundary where it becomes necessary for pilgrims to adorn the Ihram garments and impermissible to pass except in the state of Ihram. The miqat means "a stated place or time the Miqat line is where pilgrims intending to perform Umrah or Hajj must enter the state of Ihram before crossing the boundary. For Malaysian pilgrims the miqat start at Qarnul Manazil located 80 kilometres (50 miles) northeast of Masjid al-Haram and 40 kilometres (25 miles) from the city of Ta'if. 



Jeddah is a city in the Hejaz region of Western Saudi Arabia, the second largest city in Saudi Arabia. 





Once you arrived to Mecca, the are two ritual to performed, the Umrah (the lesser pilgrimage) and the Hajj (main pilgrimage). The Umrah is an extra, optional pilgrimage and does not count as the once-in-a-lifetime Hajj. 
Most pilgrims who come for the Hajj arrive a few days before it actually starts and perform Umrah first. Combining the Hajj with the Umrah is called a Hajji-Tamattuk (there are 3 ways of performing Hajj i.e. Ifrad, Qiran and Tamattuk). 


At Mecca, if you perform Hajj Tamattuk, you need to performed the Umrah first at Masjidilharam that is the Tawaf, walking 7 times counterclockwise around the Ka'aba and the Sa'ie, running or walking 7 times between the hills of Safa and Marwah. 

Tawaf around Ka'aba

Sa'ie between Safa and Marwah

Mecca officially Makkah al-Mukarramah is the holliest city in Islam, about 70 km from Jeddah. It is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). 





Abraj Al Janadriyyah , the hotel where I stayed during my Hajj in 2017.

MASJIDILHARAM
The Great mosque of Mecca that surrounds the Ka'aba in Mecca. It is a site of pilgrimage in the Hajj, which every Muslims must do at least once in their live.



HOW HAJJ IS PERFORMED
The rites of pilgrimage are performed over 5 to 6 days, starting from the 8th of Zulhijjah until the 13th of Zulhijjah. The whole Manasik of Hajj (rituals) started from 8 till 13 Zulhijjah was so meaningful. Here, with a huge crowd of people, I could feel that everyone individuallay got Allah's attention. 

DAY OF ARAFAH
On the 8th of Zulhijjah, the pilgrims again do the Ihram garments and confirm their intention to make the pilgrimage. The prohibitions of Ihram started this day. The pilgrims proceed to Arafah to stay overnight. 
Arafah is a barren and plain land about 20 km east of Mecca. 

On the Day of Arafah (9 Zulhijjah) Muslims all over the world, meet together on equal terms on Mount Arafat. All pilgrims stand together shoulder to shoulder in the true spirit of Islami fraternity and pray to Allah. It provides a hint as to what the Day of Judgement will be like. 
The Day of Arafah is the golden opportunity for the pilgrims to ask Allah for whatever you want and to seek forgiveness for all your sins. 
The Prophet Muhammad s.a.w said "Hajj is Arafah", meaning Hajj is not complete without Arafah, a pilgrim's Hajj is considered invalid if they do not spend the afternoon at the Arafah. 








MUZDALIFAH
Pilgrims must leave Arafah to Muzdalifah after sunset, the area between Arafah and Mina about 10 km from Arafah, on the evening of that day, to do their evening and night prayer and move to Mina before of after the morning prayer. 






MINA
Mina are commonly know "City of Tents" , a valley located in the Masha'er district in the Mecca province, about 5 km southeast of the city of Mecca. 
The 3 Jammarat located in the Mina valley are the location of the "Stoning of the Devil" performed between sunrise and sunset in the final days of the Hajj. 

  






10 ZULHIJJAH - STONING OF THE DEVIL
At Mina, the pilgrims perform symbolic "Stoning of the Devil" by throwing stones at only the largest of the 3 pillars known as Jamratul Kubra, the remaining 2 pillars (Jamarah) are not stoned on this day (10 Zulhijjah). And finally, the pilgrims are required to cut or shave their heads and take off their Ihram clothes. 

Subhanallah, it was an eye-opening experience, walking from Mina camp/tent to Jamrahtul Aqabah about 7 km roundtrip from Mina to Jammarah and back, with thousand of people from all walk of life, from all over the world... this experience were unforgettable. 






Me and my wife at Jammarah Kubra

11th, 12 and 13th ZULHIJJAH
On this 3 days, the pilgrims stay at Mina and to repeat the process the stoning os Satan but this time in the 3 pillars (Jamarah Kubra, Jamarah Ula and Jamarah Wusta). 
On the last day of stoning the devil (12th or 13th Zulhijjah), pilgrims may leave Mina to Mecca before Sunset.








At Mecca the pilgrims make the Tawaf Ifadhah and Saie between Safa and Marwah, make du'a and the Hajj is finished. 
A man who has completed the Hajj is called a "Haji" dan a woman is called "Hajjah".

Haji Zulheimy and Hajjah Norziah 

TAWAF AL-WADAA
Finally, before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perfom a farewell Tawaf called "Tawaf al-Wadaa"> circle the Ka'aba 7 times counter-clockwise..




JOURNEY TO MEDINA
During the journey of Hajj, pilgrims traditionally also travel to the City of Medina, approximately 450 km from Mecca, to pray at Masjid Nabawi (the Prophet's Mosque), to visit the grave of the Prophet (Pbuh), the Quba Mosque, the Uhud Battlefield etc........ before returning to their respective homelands. 



The 5 Star hotel where I stay in 2017, less than 5 minutes walk from Masjid Nabawi (Prophet Mosque). 


    

Masjid Nabawi or Prophet Mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in the city of Madinah. It was the second mosque built by the Prophet after the Quba Mosque and also the second largest mosque after the Masjidilharam at Mecca. 

The sacred Chamber, otherwise known as Raudah Mubarak, is the place where the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is buried along with two of his most loyal companions, Abu Bakar as-Sidiq and Umar al-Khattab. The place where the Prophet (PBUH) was buried was in the house of his wife Siti Aisyah where the prophet stayed at the time of his death. 


This location in Northern Madinah, is where the Battle of Uhud took place in the 3 A.H (624 CE). It was the second between the Muslims and the Pagan Makkan forces following the Battle of Badar. 


The Quba Mosque located at the outskirts of Medina, Saudi Arabia was the first mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.  as soon as he arrived on his emigration from the city of Mecca to Medina. 



Jannat al Baqi is the oldest and the first Islamic cemetery in Medina. Located in the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, containss the graves of some of the Prophet family and friends. 

What we learned from performing the Hajj is that we had to be patient and kind in all the things we do. Be kind to one another and Isya Allah you will be rewarded with kindness too.... performing Hajj has changed my attitude toward life now..Thank you Allah... 

My advice to those who want to go on Hajj is to prepare your mind and soul for the journey, you need both mental and physical strength to perform the Hajj... 

I hope that you enjoyed reading about the Pilgrimage to Mecca and I pray to Allah to grant us the health and wealth so we are able to fulfill our Hajj and Umrah...Ameen....

Reference
1. Selection from the Holy Quran by Syed Ibrahim, Jamal Muhammad College, Tiruchirapalli, India (1972)
2. Kronologi Musim Haji 2017 - Hj Zulheimy Maamor blogspot (perjalanan saya menuju Haji 2017, klik pada link berkaitan untuk pembacaan seterusnya mengenai Wukuf, Mina, Muzdalifah dll...)
3. Panduan Haji, Umrah & Ziarah, Teman untuk Tetamu Allah - Hj Johari Hj Alias terbitan Darul Numan (2012)
4. Destinasi Haji & Umrah - Abu Hassan Morad > PTS Islamika Sdn Bhd (2011). 
5. Nota Kursus Asas Haji (2017). 

Haji Zulheimy Maamor
Lembah Keramat, KL
5 March 2023 > 13 Syaaban 1444H: 1.42 am