SERIKANDI ISLAM : HINDUN BT UTBAH (PEJUANG PERANG YARMUK)

Sumber: MuslimahHTM News

Sebelum Islam masuk ke hatinya, dia seorang pembenci Islam. Setelah Islam menyelusup ke lubuk hatinya, dia menjadi pembela Islam yang berani. Inilah kisah seorang sahabiyah yang cerdas, tangguh, fasih, fasih berbahasa, pandai dalam ilmu sastera dan juga bersyair. Beliau adalah ibunda kepada Khalifah Bani Umayyah, Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan ra.

Nama lengkapnya ialah Hindun binti Uthbah bin Rabi’ah bin Abdi Syams bin Abdi Manaf al-Umawiyah al-Qurasyiyah, sosoknya dikenali sebelum dan selepas kedatangan Islam. Ibunya bernama Shafiyyah binti Umayyah. Mu’awiyah mengungkapkan sifat ibunya, ”Ibuku adalah wanita yang sangat berbahaya pada zaman jahiliah dan dalam Islam menjadi seorang wanita yang mulia dan baik.”

Adz-Dzahabi menyebutkan Hindun seperti berikut, “Hindun termasuk wanita Quraisy yang paling cantik dan cerdas.” ”Beliau adalah seorang wanita yang berjiwa besar dan memiliki kehormatan,” kata Imam Ibnu Abdil Barr. Cahaya Islam mula meneranginya tatkala peristiwa penaklukan kota Mekah yang dikenali sebagai Fathul Mekah.

Hindun memeluk Islam

Dalam peristiwa perang Badar, orang-orang yang disayangi oleh Hindun terbunuh. Ayah, bapa saudara, dan saudara kandungnya, iaitu Utbah, Syaibah, dan Al-Walid bin Utbah tewas di tangan Hamzah, paman Nabi Saw. Sejak itu, dia menyimpan dendam terhadap Hamzah dan umat Islam.

Detik membalas dendam itu ditunaikan semasa Perang Uhud. Hamzah terbunuh di tangan Wahsyi, seorang hamba yang dijanjikan merdeka oleh tokoh Quraisy. Setelah pertempuran, Hindun dan beberapa wanita yang bersamanya menghitung jumlah korban yang terbunuh dari pihak umat Islam. Ketika itulah, Hindun merobek perut Hamzah, bapa saudara Rasulullah, dan mengeluarkan jantungnya, lalu mengunyahnya. Namun, dia tidak dapat menelannya sehingga memuntahkannya.

Berita ini kemudian disampaikan kepada Rasulullah saw. Nabi saw bersabda, “Seandainya dia menelannya, tentu dia tidak akan disentuh api neraka, kerana Allah mengharamkan neraka untuk menyentuh mana-mana bahagian daging Hamzah.”

Setelah peristiwa itu, Hindun tetap mempertahankan keyakinan syiriknya sehingga Allah membuka pintu hatinya untuk menerima Islam ketika terjadi peristiwa pembebasan kota Mekah. Setelah menyalakan api permusuhan selama lebih dari 20 tahun, Allah SWT membuka hatinya. Dia berkata kepada suaminya, Abu Sufyan, “Aku ingin menjadi pengikut Muhammad.” Abu Sufyan membalas, “Semalam, aku melihat engkau sangat benci mengucapkan kata-kata seperti itu.” Hindun berkata, “Demi Allah, aku tidak pernah melihat pemandangan manusia menyembah Allah dengan sebenar-benarnya di dalam masjid, seperti yang aku lihat malam tadi. Demi Allah, mereka datang ke sana lalu menunaikan solat; berdiri, rukuk, dan sujud.”

Aisyah ra berkata, “Hindun datang kepada Nabi saw sambil berkata, ‘Wahai Rasulullah, demi Allah, selama ini tidak ada golongan di dunia ini yang paling aku harapkan agar Allah membinasakannya daripada golonganmu. Namun hari ini, tidak ada golongan di dunia ini yang paling aku harapkan agar Allah memuliakannya, daripada golonganmu.” Rasulullah saw membalas, “Begitu juga aku. Demi Allah yang jiwaku ada di tangan-Nya.”

Peranan Hindun dalam Perang Yarmouk

Hindun mempunyai peranan besar dalam perang Yarmuk. Ibnu Jarir menyatakan, “Pada hari itu umat Islam bertempur habis-habisan. Mereka berjaya menewaskan pasukan Rom dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Sementara itu, wanita menghalau setiap tentera Islam yang terdesak dan berundur dari medan perang. Mereka berteriak, ‘Kalian mahu pergi ke mana? Apakah kalian akan membiarkan kami ditawan oleh Pasukan Rom?’ Sesiapa pun yang mendapat kecaman pedas seperti itu, pasti akan kembali menuju medan pertempuran.”

Tentera muslim yang sebelumnya hampir melarikan diri, kemudian berperang kembali untuk membangkitkan pasukan yang lain. Mereka benar-benar terbakar oleh kecaman pedas yang dilaungkan oleh kaum wanita, terutama Hindun binti Utbah. Ketika itu juga, Hindun melihat suaminya berpusing dan melarikan diri. Hindun mengejar dan memukul muka kudanya dengan tongkat sambil berteriak, “Engkau mahu kemana, wahai anak Shakhr? Ayuh, kembali ke medan perang! Berjuanglah habis-habisan agar engkau dapat membalas kesalahanmu yang lalu, ketika engkau mengumpulkan kekuatan untuk menghancurkan Rasulullah saw.”

Zubair bin Al-’Awwam yang melihat semua kejadian itu berkata, ”Ucapan Hindun kepada Abu Sufyan itu mengingatkanku kepada peristiwa Perang Uhud, ketika kami berjuang di hadapan Rasulullah saw.” Begitulah Hindun. Membakar dan membangkitkan semangat jihad para pasukan muslim dengan kata-kata yang menusuk penuh makna.

Dari Hindun kita belajar, bagaimana keinsafan seorang hamba ditunjukkan dengan amalan yang menakjubkan. Wanita pemakan hati itu mengakhiri kisah hidupnya dengan keimanan dan pembelaan yang luar biasa terhadap Islam. Membenci bukan bererti tidak boleh mencintai. Ini kerana Allah Yang Maha Membolak-balikkan hati.

Hindun meninggal dunia pada zaman pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Khattab ra. Dia terbaring di atas tempat tidur kematian dan melepaskan rohnya menghadap Allah SWT selamanya. Hindun meriwayatkan beberapa hadis dari Rasulullah saw. Beberapa orang meriwayatkan darinya seperti Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan (anaknya) dan Aisyah Ummul Mukminin.

C&P

17 Ogos 2026L 4.59 a.m

MUSLIM SCHOLARS

1. Abbas Ibn Firnas: "Father of Medieval Aviation" > Cordoba, Spain - the first to study the mechanics of flight and made the first attempt at flight. He constructed a famous planetarium in Spain.
2. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi: wrote the book about the Stars - his book was translated into Spanish by Alfonso X el Sabio.
3. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: the most famous surgeon of the Middle Ages and "Father of Modern Surgery". An author of the Tasrif, translated into Latin, became the leading medical text in European Universities during the  later Middle Ages. He was also a pioneer in the use of Anesthesia. 
4. Abu Bakar al-Razi: Father of Pediatrics - wrote the first book which specialised in chilhood diseases and intiated the use of antiseptics to clean wounds.
5. Abu Bakar Ibn Wahshiyya: an alchemist at the end of the 9th century.He managed to decipher about half of all Egyptian hieroglyphic symbols. He was the first real Egyptologist in History.
6. Abu Dawud : commonly known as Abu Dawud al-Sijistani > a scholar of prophetic hadith who compiled the "Sunan Abu Dawud" 
7. Abu Hanifa ad-Dinawari: Father of Arabic Botany > a Persian polymath and the author of the "Book of Plants". He is notable for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy and botany.  One of the first Muslim scientists to examine the relationship between astronomical concepts and plants.
8. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (872-950) : One of the greatest Ancient Islamic Philosophers.
9. Abu'l Fath' Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini: study the center of Gravity as applied to balance.
10. Ahmad ibn Fadlan : a 10th century traverl from Baghdad. His account is most notable for providing a detailed description of the Volga Vikings. His detailed writings was adapted in the film "The 13th Warrior".
11. Ahmad ibn Hanbal : Arab jurist and founder of the Hanbali School, memorised the most Hadiths.
12. Ahmed Zewali: Egyptian-American Chemist - won the Nobel Prize in Chemitry in 1999 for his work on femtochemistry. 
13. A'ishah bt Yusuf al-Bauniyyah: sufi master and poet, one of the female medieval Islamic mystics.
14. Al-Battani: The first person to discover how the solar eclipse occurs. improved existing values for the length of the year and of the seasons. He was considered the Ptolemy of the Arab World.
15. Al-Biruni: Abu Raihan al-Biruni : Muslim mathematicians who established trigonometry as a distinct branch of Mathematics. 
16. Al-Bitruji: from Cordoba -  developed a new theory of Stellar Movement, based on Aristotle's thinking. 
17. Al-Buzjani @ Abul Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani: (940-988) : gave knowledge on movements of the moon. 
18. Al-Idrisi: Muslim scholar at the Sicilian court > produced very accurate maps, including a world map with all the continents and their mountains, rivers and famous cities. 
19. Al-Kashi: invents and analog computer instrument used to determine the time of day at which planetary conjunctions will occur, and for performing linear interpolation. 
20. Al-Khalil (717-786): the first known Arab cryptologist, he wrote the "Book of Cryptographic Messages".
21. Al-Muqdishi: The first Muslim geographer to produce accurate maps in color. 
22. Al-Razi: Physician - wrote many books including a textbook of Medicine "'Kitab al-Tibb al-Mansuri'. The first to use opium as anaesthesia and established the use of alcohol in medicine.  
23. Ali Ibn Isa al-Kahhal: Pioneer in Ophthalmology > His book"Memorandum of the Occultists" was one of the most influential texts during his time..
24. Ali Moustafa Attia Mosharrafa: Egyptian theoretical physicist - contributed to the development of Quantum Theory as well as Theory of Relativity. 
25. Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mawsili: Inventor of the Hypodermic Syringe. 
26. Anousheh Ansari: the first Muslim woman in space, traveling to the ISS in 2006. 
27. Armen Firman: developed the world's first document parachute at Cordoba in 852. 
28. At-Tabarani: (874-971) : a Sunni Muslim scholar and traditionist know for the extensive volumes of narrations he published .
29. Aziz Sancar: a Turkish-American molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2025 for his work on DNA repair mechanisms.
30. Banu Musa Brothers: son of Musa ibn Shakir, 9th century Persian scholars of Baghdad, active in House of Wisdom. The 3 brothers are Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Ibn Musa, Ahmad Ibn Musa and Al-Hassan ibn Musa.
31. Erdal Arikan: a Turkish Professor > invented the polar codes - a key component of 5G technologies. 
32. Farouk El-Baz: from Egypt > worked for NASA and was involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program. 
33. Fatima al-Fihriya: founder of the World's first degree-granting University in Fez, Morocco. 
34. Hafsa binti Sirin: an early female scholar of Islam (651-719). The pioneers in the history of female asceticism in Islam. 
35. Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi: the first aviator to have made a successful flight with artificial wings betwee 1630-1632. 
36. Hunayn Ibn Ishaq: Muslim scholars of the 9th century who make the first accurate anatomical diagrams of the eye.
37. Ibnu Abbas: (619-697 CE): the cousin of the Prophet s.a.w > considered to be the greatest muffassir of the Quran. 
38. Ibnu al-Baithar (1197-1248): The most famous Andalusian botanist - he wrote a book called "Simple Drugs and Food."
39. Ibnu al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-1040) : Father of Modern Optics - made significant contributions to optics, including explaining how vision works and the principles of refraction, and is credited with the first camera obscura.
40. Ibnu al-Nafis :Father of Pulmonary Circulation of Blood >  the first to discovered the pulmonary circulation of blood in the 13th century, well before William Harvey described the systemic circulation in the 17th century. 
41. Ibnu Battutah: Muslim traveler > travelled for 28 years and produced a travel book. The only medieval traveller who is known to have visited the lands of every Muslims ruler of his time. 
42. Ibnu Ishaq al-Kindi (801 - 873) : Arab philosopher and scientist, known as the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosopers. 
43. Ibnu Kathir (1300-1373): historian and scholars, an expert on tafsir (Quranic exegesis) tarikh (history) and fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence), a leading authority on Sunni Islam.
44. Ibnu Khaldun (1332-1406): the first historian to develop and explicate laws governing the rise and decline of civilisations. He was also the first Modern Philosopher of history. 
45. Ibnu Rushd: (1126-1198) - Arab Philosopher, known in the West as Averroes > produced a series of summaries and commentaries on most of Aristotle's works and on Plato's Republic.
46. Ibnu Samh: considered as the ancestor of the mechanical clock.
47. Ibnu Shuhayd: Al-Andalus physician > recommended drugs to be used only if the patient did not respond to diet. 
48. Ibnu Sina: famous Muslim surgeon - "Father of the Medicine" - compiled 14 volume of medical encyclopedia "The Canon of Medicine".His book remained a medical standard in the West up until the  early 19th century. 
49. Ibnu Taymiyyah: (1263-1328): Sunni Muslim scholar, proved to be a controversial figure among both his contemporaries and in later centuries.
50. Ibnu Tufail: 1105-1185): an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath, a writer, philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician and astronomer. Famous for writing the first philosophical novel "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan".
51. Ibnu Zuhr (1091-1161) : the first to describe pericardial abscessed and to recommend tracheotomy when necessary as well as being a skilled practical physician. 
52. Ismail al-Jazari: Father of Robotics and Inventor. He was inventor who developed the first elephant clock and other devices that were used during the Arab civilisation. 
53. Jabir Ibn Hayyan: Father of Chemistry > his work in alchemy and chemistry. 
54. Kerim Kerimov: from Azerbaijan - one of the most important key figures in early space exploratioin. He was one of the founders of the Soviet space Program. He was also one of the lead architects behind the first satellite, Sputnik 1.
55. Lagari Hasan Celebi: the first aviator reported to have made a successful manned rocket flight. 
56. Malik bin Anas: (711-795): also known as Imam Malik > a Muslim scholar, jurist, muhaddith and traditionalist. 
57. Maslamah al-Majriti: Cordoban Mathematician > the first original mathematician and astronomer of Al-Andalus. He wrote a number of works on mathematics and astronomy, studied an delaborated the Arabic translation of Ptolemy's Almagest. 
58. Mohamed M. Atalla (1924-2009): Egyptian-American Engineer > led a research team to introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator by Hewlett-Packard in 1969.
59. Mohammad Abdus Salam: Pakistani theoretical physicist - who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his role in developing the electroweak theory. 
60. Muhammad al-Fazari: the first person credited for buildingthe brass astrolabe in the Islamic world in 796.
61. Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: "Father of Algebra" - Developed Algebra and Algorithms. The word 'Algorithm' is derived from his name. 
62. Munir Nayfeh: A Palestinian - noted for his pioneering work in Nanotechnology and in 1974 published a milestone paper with one of the 2005 Nobel Prize Laureat in Physics. 
63. Nasiruddin al-Tusi: built an observatory for astonomical researches at Maraghe. 
64. Nora Almatrooshi: the first Arab woman to graduate from the NASA Astronaut training program in 2024. 
65. Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) : Persian mathematician, astronomer and poet - known for his scientific achievements and Rubaiyat. 
66. Piri Reis (1465-1553): Turkish Navigator and Cartographer > he makes one of the oldest maps known today, which detailed the coastline of Africa and Europe. 
67. Rufayda Al-Aslamia @ Rufayda bt Sa'ad: first female nurse in Islam. She practice medical treatment durign the time of the Prophet s.a.w.
68. Sara Sabry: the first Egyptian, African and Arab woman to reach space in 2022. 
69. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor : first Malaysian astronaut, first comprehensive guidebook for Muslims in space.
70. Sulaiman Al Mahri: 1480-1550) : a 16th century Arab Navigator > he noted the islands off the west coast of Malay Peninsula.
71. Sultan bin Salman Al Saud: the first Arab and Muslim to fly in outer space. 
72. Thabit ibn Qurra (826-901) : Arab mathematician, physician and astronomer who was the first reformer of the Ptolemaic system and the founder of Statics.
73. Wan Wardatul Amani Wan Salim, Dr. : the first Malaysian to launch a NASA satellite into space in 2014. 

Reference:

1. Zulheimy Maamor : Ilmuan Islams & Sumbangan kepada Tamadun.
2. Facts and Details : Famous Arab and Muslim Scientist and their Achievements.
3. Wikipedia: List of Scientists in Medieval Islamic World
4. Wikipedia : List of Pre-Modern Arab Scientists and Scholars
5. Islam Fandom: Timeline of Science and Technology in the Islamic World.

Hj Zulheimy Maamor

Lembah Keramat, KL

21 October 2025: 7.35 p.m

Al-Biruni: Ilmuwan Islam Yang Mengukur Bumi Dengan Tepat Seribu Tahun Sebelum Satelit!

SUMBER: THE PATRIOTS

Oleh: Mazlan Syafie

Pada abad ke-11, lahirlah seorang sarjana besar di Khwarezm yang kini terletak di Uzbekistan. Namanya Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, tokoh hebat yang menggabungkan astronomi, fizik, matematik dan antropologi dalam satu sosok. Beliau sering disebut sebagai antara ilmuwan paling serba boleh dalam sejarah dunia Islam.

Antara pencapaian yang paling menakjubkan ialah kejayaan al-Biruni mengukur jejari bumi dengan ketepatan luar biasa. Berbekalkan ilmu trigonometri dan pengamatan dari puncak gunung, beliau mengira saiz bumi dengan hanya tersilap sekitar 1 peratus berbanding ukuran moden. Hakikat ini amat mengagumkan kerana ia dilakukan seribu tahun sebelum satelit dan teknologi GPS wujud.

Kaedah yang digunakan al-Biruni sangat bijaksana. Beliau mula-mula mengukur ketinggian sebuah gunung dengan bayang matahari, kemudian memerhati ufuk dari puncaknya. Dengan pengiraan segitiga, jarak ufuk itu diterjemahkan kepada jejari bumi. Proses ini menunjukkan betapa hebat penguasaan matematiknya serta keupayaan menggunakannya secara praktikal.

Kehebatan al-Biruni tidak berhenti pada pengiraan bumi semata-mata. Beliau menghasilkan karya astronomi lengkap dengan jadual kedudukan bintang dan planet. Hasil tulisannya membantu menjelaskan fenomena gerhana serta pergerakan planet yang hanya boleh dicapai dengan gabungan pengiraan matematik dan pemerhatian terperinci.

Dalam karya besarnya al-Qanun al-Mas’udi, al-Biruni menulis dengan ketelitian yang mengagumkan. Beliau membincangkan orbit planet, saiz bulan dan jaraknya daripada bumi. Walaupun sebahagian topik masih diperdebat, tahap ketepatannya membuatkan karya ini terus dirujuk selama berabad-abad.

Al-Biruni juga sudah mengulas tentang tarikan bumi terhadap objek yang jatuh. Walaupun beliau tidak merumuskannya dalam bentuk hukum formal seperti Newton, catatannya menunjukkan beliau sedar tentang konsep graviti. Ini membuktikan bahawa asas fizik telah muncul jauh lebih awal dalam dunia Islam.

Selain itu, beliau menyedari perbezaan kelajuan cahaya dan bunyi. Tanpa alat moden, beliau mampu memahami bahawa cahaya bergerak jauh lebih pantas daripada bunyi. Pemikiran sebegini mendahului penjelasan saintifik yang hanya muncul beratus tahun kemudian.

Al-Biruni juga meninggalkan sumbangan besar dalam ilmu bumi. Beliau menulis tentang asal-usul gunung, lapisan batuan dan kewujudan fosil. Pandangannya bahawa bumi sentiasa mengalami perubahan selari dengan konsep stratigrafi yang kemudian menjadi asas kepada geologi moden.

Keistimewaan al-Biruni terletak pada cara kerjanya. Beliau menekankan kepentingan pemerhatian yang sistematik, eksperimen berulang dan pengiraan matematik yang teliti. Pendekatan sebegini menjadi asas kepada apa yang hari ini kita kenali sebagai kaedah saintifik moden.

Dalam bidang antropologi pula, al-Biruni menguasai bahasa Sanskrit lalu menulis buku Tahqiq ma li al-Hind. Dalam karya ini, beliau membicarakan falsafah, agama, astronomi dan matematik India dengan penuh hormat. Ia dianggap antara karya awal dalam sejarah kajian perbandingan budaya.

Dalam buku itu, al-Biruni menilai adat dan kepercayaan masyarakat India secara objektif. Beliau menulis berdasarkan fakta tanpa menghina atau merendahkan budaya lain. Sikap terbuka ini jarang ditemui pada zamannya dan membuktikan keluasan pandangan dunia Islam terhadap ilmu.

Selain India, beliau juga mengkaji dan membandingkan kalendar pelbagai tamadun. Al-Biruni meneliti kalendar Mesir, Parsi, Yahudi dan Kristian untuk memahami cara manusia menyusun masa. Kajian ini bukan sahaja bersifat astronomi tetapi juga menghubungkan ilmu dengan budaya.

Beliau turut mereka bentuk dan memperkemas alat astronomi. Jam matahari, astrolab dan pelbagai instrumen lain dibangunkan dengan ketepatan tinggi. Dengan alat ini, beliau dapat membuat pengiraan yang membantu umat Islam menentukan waktu solat dan arah kiblat dengan lebih tepat.

Keberanian al-Biruni untuk menyoal juga mengangkatnya sebagai tokoh luar biasa. Beliau pernah membincangkan kemungkinan bumi berputar pada paksinya. Walaupun beliau akhirnya tidak menerima teori itu sepenuhnya, kesediaannya mempertimbangkan idea sebegini menunjukkan sifat kritis yang tajam.

Sepanjang hidupnya, al-Biruni menghasilkan lebih daripada 140 buku dan risalah. Sebahagian besar hilang ditelan masa, namun karya yang masih ada sudah cukup membuktikan kedalaman ilmunya. Beliau menulis dalam bidang farmasi, mineralogi, perubatan dan sejarah selain astronomi dan matematik.

Ketajaman fikiran beliau membuatkan ramai sarjana moden menggelarnya “Leonardo da Vinci dari Timur”. Malah ada yang meletakkannya sebaris dengan Newton kerana keluasan pemikirannya. Al-Biruni adalah bukti jelas bahawa dunia Islam pernah melahirkan tokoh sarjana yang benar-benar serba boleh.

Karya beliau memberi kesan besar kepada Eropah. Banyak tulisannya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Latin dan menjadi rujukan di universiti-universiti Eropah. Dari situlah ilmu Islam mengalir masuk ke zaman Renaissance dan memberi tenaga baharu kepada dunia Barat.

Kehebatan beliau dalam menghormati budaya lain juga memberi pelajaran penting. Dalam dunia moden yang sering dibayangi prejudis, pendekatan al-Biruni membuktikan bahawa ilmu berkembang apabila manusia saling menghormati. Bagi beliau, ilmu adalah milik bersama yang melintasi sempadan bangsa dan agama.

Dalam konteks hari ini, cara al-Biruni mengukur bumi kekal luar biasa. Kita bergantung kepada satelit dan komputer, sedangkan beliau hanya menggunakan gunung, matahari dan ilmu matematik. Hasil pengiraannya hampir sama tepat dengan teknologi moden.

Inilah yang menjadikan al-Biruni tokoh yang benar-benar menakjubkan. Apa yang dicapainya lebih seribu tahun lalu masih dihargai ahli sains pada zaman moden. Ia adalah bukti bahawa tamadun Islam pernah berdiri di puncak keilmuan dunia.

Pelajaran yang kita boleh ambil daripada al-Biruni amat jelas. Kehebatan tamadun lahir apabila ada keberanian mencabar batas ilmu, menghormati kepelbagaian budaya dan berfikir secara saintifik. Warisan ini tetap relevan dalam dunia moden yang sedang mencari arah di tengah arus teknologi.

Legasi al-Biruni membuktikan bahawa ilmu mampu mengubah dunia dan menentukan arah tamadun. Dari gunung yang dipanjatnya hingga karya yang tersebar ke Eropah, beliau menunjukkan bahawa kejayaan lahir daripada keberanian berfikir dan menguasai ilmu. Kita juga mesti belajar daripada teladan ini, bergerak menjadi negara pengeluar ilmu dan teknologi supaya kita berdiri megah di pentas dunia.

___

Jika anda mahu menyelami bagaimana sarjana Islam membina asas ilmu yang hari ini menjadi nadi dunia moden, buku Zaman Keemasan Tamadun Islam adalah jawapannya. Ia menghimpunkan strategi, tokoh, dan kisah yang menjadikan dunia Islam pernah berdiri di puncak ilmu. Dapatkan naskhah anda di sini: https://s.shopee.com.my/8UuiebthJY

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18 Ogos 2025: 3.29 p.m

UNIVERSAL DAN MISTIK ITU.... RUMI

Oleh Hafidah Samat

Astro Awani: 28/12/2024

AHLI falsafah dan penyair Jalaluddin M. Rumi dikagumi kerana penghasilan karya-karya agung beliau yang padat dengan nilai-nilai universal. Nilai itu mengalir lalu mudah dihadam oleh manusia sejagat.

Mengenali Rumi, seumpama mengenal cinta sejati yang jalan serta cabangnya pelbagai, namun pada penghujungnya menyatu di atas jalur tujuan yang sama -- membangunkan jiwa manusia agar mengingati Sang Pencipta pada setiap masa.

Rumi tidak pernah mendiskriminasi agama, bahasa dan budaya, serta nilai-nilai yang diterapkan beliau dalam karya agungnya perlu difahami secara holistik.

“Karya-karya Maulana Rumi mampu menjadi cerminan hidup manusia kerana ramai menginterpretasinya sebagai petunjuk, terutamanya ketika berdepan masalah. Ramai beranggapan apabila berdepan ujian dalam kehidupan, karya-karya Rumi dapat dijadikan pedoman.

Itu pendapat penyelidik dan pensyarah sejarah dari Universiti Selçuk, Konya, Profesor Nuri Simsekler, yang mempunyai lebih empat dekad pengalaman mendalami hasil karya Rumi.

Pendek kata, di mana ada manusia, di situ ada Rumi.

Atau, seseorang individu yang mampu mengangkat dan membaca karya Rumi, pemahamannya tentang nilai-nilai kemanusiaan itu tinggi dan tidak biased (berpihak), kata Simsekler membuka bicara, ketika ditemui Astro AWANI di sebuah restoran terkemuka di Konya, Turkiye, baru-baru ini.

Evolusi ajaran Rumi

Sepanjang lakaran sejarah, Khilafah Uthmaniah gemilang bersama kekuatan Islam dan hikmah peradaban. Menyorot kembali kemegahan Khilafah Turki Uthmaniah, Sultannya tidak berpisah daripada didikan guru rohani. Sebelum tertubuh khilafah, kekuatannya bermula daripada pemerintahan Bani Seljuk yang berpusat di Anatolia.

Di sinilah inspirasi rohani Turki Uthmaniah bermula iaitu seawal era Sultan Alauddin Kaykobad. Beliau hidup sezaman dengan guru sufi Syeikh Bahauddin Valad dan anaknya, Rumi.

Sultan ini menguatkan tradisi mendampingi ulama serta menjadikan mereka paksi rujukan. Dari kerajaan Bani Seljuk sehinggalah khilafah Turki Uthmaniah, ia tidak terpisah daripada Rumi. Bahkan persalinan sultan-sultan Uthmaniah diinspirasikan daripada serban Rumi.

Syeikh yang mengajar di Yenikapı Mevlevihane (zawiyah Mawlana Rumi) biasanya mengajar sultan-sultan Uthmaniah di Istana Topkapi, Istanbul. 

Menurut ulama Istanbul, terdapat tiga kitab rujukan utama yang paling penting:

Pertama, Sahih Bukhari oleh Imam Bukhari 

Kedua, al-Syifa bi Ta’rif Huquqil Mushtafa oleh Qadhi Iyadh.

Ketiga, ialah Mathnawi -- sebuah kompilasi enam jilid hasil mahakarya Rumi. Padat dengan ajaran-ajaran sosial, kemanusiaan dan agama, Mathnawi turut memuatkan ayat-ayat suci al-Quran yang bersifat universal dan tidak lapuk ditelan zaman.

“Mevlana (Rumi) pernah dipetik sebagai berkata, manusia-manusia pernah disatukan sebagai jiwa dan nurani yang luhur di sisi Allah sebelum dihantar ke dunia.

"Rumi dalam penulisannya menegaskan, Allah mencipta manusia dari satu nafs (roh).

“Dalam erti kata lain, kesemua umat sejagat, tanpa mengira bangsa, agama atau budaya serta warna kulit, dicipta dari nafs daripada Allah (seperti yang disebut dalam al-Quran).

"Dengan petikan ayat al-Quran “Nafâhtu fîhî min rûhî,” Allah memberi kita berita baik. Tanpa mengira siapa, dari mana dan apa jua kepercayaan individu berkenaan," kata Simsekler.

Dalam konteks jiwa dan nurani manusia, tiada perbezaan nyata antara lelaki dan wanita. Ini kerana, Sang Pencipta menjadikan mereka berasaskan sifat semulajadi manusia. Hanya selepas itu, seseorang individu itu akan ‘dibezakan’ menerusi bahasa, agama, budaya dan warganegara dan ini merupakan transisi dari makrokosmo dan mikrokosmo, jelas Simsekler. Katanya, ajaran Rumi mempunyai nilai murni kehidupan yang positif.

“Manusia sejagat membawa bersama mereka hadiah istimewa atau permata – daripada Allah. Ketahui nilai anda kerana di dalam diri kita adalah secebis permata daripada Allah,” menurut Simsekler.

Namun, tambahnya, manusia juga mempunyai entiti yang dikenali sebagai ego (nefis).

“Ego ini bersifat antagonis – saya pasti anda pernah menonton dalam filem-filem yang menampilkan watak baik dan watak jahat,” kata Simsekler.

“Memang ego bersifat begitu, dan sebab itu, Maulana Rumi mengajar kita untuk menguasai ego kita sendiri, seperti menjinakkan kuda dan mengemudi sebuah kenderaan, dan pasti keharmonian akan dikecapi,” tambahnya.

Sehingga saat ini, karya Rumi terus dibaca dan ditelaah di seluruh pelosok dunia. Di Malaysia, komposer dan penyanyi Datuk M. Nasir turut mengabadikan filosofi Rumi dalam lagu ciptaan beliau, Bila Rumi Menari yang dimuatkan dalam album Phoenix Bangkit pada tahun 2001.

Di Amerika Syarikat, puisi-puisi Rumi dianggap sebagai bestseller. Benua Eropah pula turut memberi perhatian kepada mahakarya Rumi melalui penyelidikan orientalis seperti Annemarie Schimmel dan AJ Arberry.

Vokalis Coldplay, Chris Martin sewaktu perceraian dengan aktres Gwyneth Paltrow mengakui bait-bait puisi Rumi menjadi pedoman tatkala beliau dilanda kekecewaan.

Ikon pop Madonna pula mengakui karya-karya Rumi menjadi inspirasi beliau dalam mencorak kecenderungan keagamaannya suatu ketika dahulu.

Kematian Rumi pada 17 Disember 1273 pada usia 66 tahun, diraikan dalam acara tahunan Seb-i-Arus di Konya dan seluruh Turkiye.

“Menurut Rumi, kematian beliau adalah kelahiran semula kerana dapat kembali bertemu dengan Penciptanya. Beliau pernah dipetik sebagai berkata, kematiannya adalah ‘malam perkahwinan’ – di mana pasangan kekasih ditemukan semula dan bersatu,” kata Simsekler.

"Atas permintaan Rumi, pengebumian beliau turut menampilkan latar belakang permainan neys, kudums dan persembahan Sema (whirling dervishes)," tambahnya.

Suatu yang menarik, acara ini sudah berlangsung selama 751 tahun.

"Janganlah tinggal mendiam. Mengembaralah dari dirimu kepada dirimu." - Rumi

Nota: Lawatan penulis ke Turkiye pada Disember, 2024 adalah sebahagian daripada kerjasama Astro AWANI dan Turkish Airlines. Turkish Airlines terbang selama enam hari dari Kuala Lumpur ke Istanbul melalui penerbangan TK61, TK63 dan TK175. 

Jangan ketinggalan menelusuri kisah hidup Rumi dalam dokumentari, 'Rumi' di Saluran 501 (Astro AWANI) dan Live TV (astroawani.com) tidak lama lagi.

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27 Jun 2025: 11.11 p.m

Al-Biruni: The forgotten genius who measured the Earth

Source: FB Mathematics Learning

5 January 2025

Al-Biruni (about 1,000 years ago) measured the circumference of the Earth with an accuracy of 99.7% compared to today’s accepted value.

Al-Biruni was a Persian polymath who lived from 973 to 1048. He was a scholar of many fields, including astronomy, mathematics, geography, physics, and history.

In 1030, al-Biruni used trigonometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His estimate was 6339.6 kilometers, which is within 0.3% of the modern accepted value of 6378.1 kilometers.

Al-Biruni's method was based on the principle that the Earth's curvature causes the horizon to appear lower from a mountaintop than it does from sea level. He measured the angle between the horizon and a plumb line at two different locations, and used this information to calculate the Earth's radius.

Al-Biruni's measurement of the Earth's circumference was one of the most accurate of its time. It was not surpassed until the 17th century, when the French mathematician and astronomer Jean Picard used a more precise method to measure the Earth's circumference.

"Eratosthenes' experiment to measure the Earth's circumference is a classic example of early scientific measurement that can be replicated by anyone today.

Here's a simplified overview of how it worked:

Eratosthenes knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene (now Aswan, Egypt), the Sun was directly overhead, as evidenced by the fact that it illuminated the bottom of a deep well, something that only happens when the Sun is at the zenith. There were no shadows cast by vertical objects.

At the same time in Alexandria, which is north of Syene, vertical objects did cast shadows. Eratosthenes measured the angle of the shadow cast by a stick and found it to be approximately 7.2 degrees, or 1/50 of a full circle.

The distance between Syene and Alexandria was known to be approximately 5,000 stadia (the exact length of a stadion is not known but is often taken to be about 185 meters based on the typical length used in the Hellenistic Mediterranean world).

Eratosthenes reasoned that if a stick in Alexandria cast a shadow with an angle of 7.2 degrees, then, in a full 360-degree circle, the distance from Alexandria to Syene must be 1/50 of the Earth's total circumference. So, he multiplied the distance between the two cities by 50 to get the Earth's circumference.

Using modern units for the stadion, the calculation would be:

5,000 stadia x 185 meters/stadion = 925,000 meters

925,000 meters x 50 = 46,250,000 meters

Thus, Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference to be about 46,250 kilometers. The actual circumference of the Earth at the equator is about 40,075 kilometers, so although his method was sound, the accuracy of his result was off due to the inexact value of the stadion and possibly the accuracy of his measurements. Nevertheless, Eratosthenes' experiment was remarkably precise for his time and remains a powerful demonstration of the scientific method applied to the natural world.

If the Earth were flat and to reconcile Eratosthenes' observations with a flat Earth model, the sun would have to be much closer and smaller than it is in the heliocentric model. The idea would be that the sun is moving in circles above the flat plane of the Earth, creating the different angles of shadows at different points.

To calculate the size and proximity of the sun under this flat Earth scenario, you would use the angle of the shadow measured by Eratosthenes (about 7.2 degrees) and the distance between Syene and Alexandria. Assuming this distance is about 800 kilometers (the figure is usually given as 5000 stadia, with the exact length of a stadion varying), basic trigonometry would give you the height of the sun above the plane of the Earth.

Using the tangent of the angle, which is the ratio of the opposite side (the height of the sun) to the adjacent side (the distance between the two cities), you would get:

tan(7.2°) = Height of the sun/800km

Solving for the height of the sun, you would find that it would have to be about:

Height of the sun = 800 km x tan(7.2°)

This would place the sun at a height of approximately 100 kilometers above the Earth's surface—a vastly different scenario than the actual average distance to the sun of about 150 million kilometers.

If the Sun were hypothetically placed at a height of only 100 kilometers above the Earth's surface, and we needed to adjust its size to match the actual observed angles of sunlight as measured by Eratosthenes, we would have to perform a calculation based on the angular diameter of the Sun as seen from Earth.

The angular diameter of the Sun as observed from Earth is about 0.5 degrees. To maintain this angular diameter from a distance of only 100 kilometers, we would need to calculate the actual diameter (D) that the Sun would need to have using the formula for the angular diameter:

θ = 2 arctan (D/2)

where:

θ is the angular diameter in radians,

D is the diameter of the Sun,

d is the distance to the Sun.

Rearranging this formula to solve for D and converting θ to radians for a 0.5-degree angular diameter gives us:

D = 2d tan (θ/2)

Let's do the calculation.

If the Sun were only 100 kilometers above the Earth's surface and we wanted to maintain the same angular diameter of 0.5 degrees as we observe from Earth's actual surface, the Sun's diameter would have to be approximately 872.67 meters.

At this size, in order to maintain the solar constant of 1361 watts per square meter, the hypothetical sun would need a total energy output of about 1.74 x 10^17 watts. Nuclear fusion requires incredibly high pressures and temperatures that are only possible within the cores of stars due to their immense gravitational forces, which are a product of their massive size.

Therefore, nuclear fusion as the source of energy would not be possible with the described dimensions of a sun only 872.67 meters in diameter and 100 kilometers from Earth.

Another proven explanation of the source of its power would be required.

Additionally, this model would have difficulties explaining many other observations, such as the lack of change in the angular size of the sun throughout the day, the way the sun sets and rises, and the phenomenon of night and day across different time zones, among other issues.

I challenge any FE believer to present a mathematical model - with data and figures commensurate that what I have presented above - to support your claim. The information above strongly refutes the idea of a flat Earth and local sun. It's simply not possible without additional explanations.

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10/1/2025: 2.17 p.m (Jumaat Al Barakah)

THE SCIENCE OF AL-BIRUNI

By Bnedine Bnedine

28 December 2024

Al-Biruni was so far ahead of his time that his most brilliant discoveries seemed incomprehensible to most of the scholars of his days...

George Sarton, the founder of the History of Science discipline, defined al-Biruni as “one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times”. A universal genius that lived in the Central Asia a thousand of years ago, al-Biruni “was so far ahead of his time that his most brilliant discoveries seemed incomprehensible to most of the scholars of his days”, so wrote Bobojan Gafurov in his article on the Unesco Courier.

Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), was born in Kath, Khwarezm[4]. Khwarezm, also known as Chorasmia, is a large oasis region in western Central Asia, bordered by Aral Sea and deserts. It was the country of the Khwarezmian civilization and of several kingdoms. Today, it is fractioned and belongs to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Leaving his homeland, al-Biruni wandered in Persia and Uzbekistan. Then, after Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the emirate of Bukhara, Al-Biruni moved in Ghazni. This town, which is in modern Afghanistan, was at that time the capital of Ghaznavid dynasty. In 1017, al-Biruni travelled to the Indian subcontinent, studying the Indian science and conveying it to the Islamic world .

Αl-Biruni was an astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, studying physics and natural sciences too. He was the first able to obtain a simple formula for measuring the Earth’s radius. Moreover, he thought possible the Earth to revolve around the Sun and developed the idea the geological eras succeed one another.

In fact, in his scientific body of work he addresses almost all the sciences . He had excellent knowledge of ancient Greek and studied several works by ancient Greek scientists in their original forms; among them there were the Aristotle’s Physics, Metaphysics, De Caelo, and Meteorology, the works of Euclid and Archimedes, the Almagest of the mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy .. “When religious fanaticism swept medieval Europe… al-Biruni, as a forerunner of the Renaissance, was far in advance of the scientific thought then obtaining in Europe” [ After a short discussion on his life, let us review some experimental methods and instruments this outstanding man proposed and used.

Life and Works

As previously told, al-Biruni was born in Kath, a district of Khwarezm. In fact, the word “Biruni” means “from an outer district”, in Persian, and so he was known as “the Birunian”, with the Latinised name “Alberonius” . In his early youth, fortune brought al-Biruni in contact with an educated Greek who was his first teacher . His foster father, Mansur, was a member of the royal family and a distinguished mathematician and astronomer. He introduced al-Biruni to Euclidean Geometry and Ptolemaic astronomy . Then, al-Biruni spent his first twenty-five years in Khwarezm where he studied the body of Islamic law, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy and other sciences. In the time, Khwarezm had long been famed for its advance culture. Its cities had magnificent palaces and religious colleges, and the sciences were esteemed and highly developed.

Earth, Heaven and Astronomy

Al-Biruni dealt with Earth in many of his works . He proposed a method to measure its radius, using trigonometric calculations. Let us see how he did. First of all, he measured the high of a hill by measuring the angles subtended by the hill at two points a known distance apart. Then he climbed the hill and measured the angle of the dip of the horizon .. In the Figure 1, it is shown the method as discussed in Using an Arabic mile equal to 1.225947 English miles, al-Biruni value of the radius was equal to 3928.77 English miles, which compares favourably, being different of 2%, with the mean radius of curvature of the reference ellipsoid at the latitude of measurement; this mean radius is of 3847.80 miles . He did this when he was at the Fort of Nandana in Punjab . Since the al-Biruni’s self-constructed instrument could have measure angles up to 10’ of the arc, the key to the precision of the measurement is a precise sine value, which he seems to have obtained from various Indian sources .

Figure (b). A 1973 USSR stamp depicting Al-Biruni

https://muslimheritage.com/the-science-of-al-biruni/

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2/1/2025: 9.09 a.m

SERIKANDI ALGERIA - ZULEIKHA AL-SHAYEB

Sumber: Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary Idola Kami

Foto diata telah dirakam pada 15 Oktober 1957. Ia memperlihatkan wanita bernama Zuleikha Al-Shayeb yang telah diikat bersama kenderaan tentera sewaktu pendudukan Perancis keatas negaranya, Algeria.

Foto ini telah diambil sebelum tentera penjajah Perancis ini mengheret beliau yang diikat bersama lori melalui jalan-jalan di sekitar ibu kota dengan tujuan menakut-nakutkan dan memberi peringatan kepada penduduk Algeria agar tidak menentang penjajahan mereka.

Memang menjadi dasar Perancis dalam penjajahan mereka untuk tidak memberikan sikap berperikemanusian terhadap sesiapa sahaja termasuk wanita dan kanak-kanak yang dilihat menentang mereka atau disyaki ingin memberontak.

Zuleikha Al-Shayeb pada mulanya ditangkap dan disiasat secra kejam kerana disyaki memberikan perlindungan kepada anggota pembebasan Algeria. Namun sewaktu di soal siasat, beliau tidak membuka mulut, malah tidak memberikan satu pun informasi yang berguna kepada pihak penjajah. Beliau telah diseksa selama 10 hari tanpa henti.

Tidak cukup dengan disoal siasat dengan kejam, wanita ini telah diikat tangannya bersama truk kepunyaan tentera dan diseret berjam lamanya diatas jalan raya. Tiada kedengaran langsung ungkapan meminta tolong dan meminta dilepaskan oleh beliau. Beliau sudah sedia untuk syahid dan tidak akan merayu meminta belas kasihan dari penjajah ini.

Tidak berpuas hati dengan kecekalan hati beliau, pegawai tentera Perancis kemudiannya telah membawa beliau menaiki helikopter dan dibawa terbang tinggi di udara. Apabila sampai ke tahap ketinggian yang mencukupi, beliau telah dihumban keluar dari helikopter tersebut.

Akhirnya, syahid menemui wanita bernama Zuleikha Al-Shayeb. Tidak diceritakan pula dimana jenazah beliau dikebumikan, atau seperti kebanyakan mangsa kekejaman Perancis yang lain mayat mereka hilang begitu sahaja.

Zuleikha Al-Shayeb adalah satu dari satu juta rakyat Algeria yang mati berjuang agar Algeria bebas merdeka.

Ketika ini negara Perancis dan kuasa-kuasa penjajah berbicara mengenai keganasan dan Islam, tetapi mereka lupa bahawa bagaimana mereka melayan negara yang pernah mereka jajah lebih-lebih lagi terhadap negara Islam dan rakyatnya.

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29/12/2024: 11.53 a.m