SOURCE: MALAY WORLD
There are currently 10 Malay nations that exist in Southeast Asia. Out of 10, Brunei is a sovereign country, while the remaining 9 are the constituent states of Malaysia. All 9 states formed the Federation of Malaya in 1948 together with 2 British colonial territories, Malacca and Penang, before achieving independence in 1957, and reconstituted as Malaysia in 1963.
All nine states are effectively countries within a country, with its own constitutions,⁽¹⁾ flags, anthems, and traditions that predates Malaysia itself.⁽²⁾ They even have legislative assemblies that have power to enact state laws.⁽³⁾ Subnational identity is perhaps the most strongly asserted by the Malay State constitutions. They depict Malay-Islamic sultanates alongside their democratic systems and, in reality, the Rulers remain powerful figures of Malay rights, religion and politics.
These ten Malay nation states are a few of several Malay Sultanates that were historically dominating Southeast Asia from 12th to 19th century. Through hundreds of years of wars, conquest, and colonization, only these ten states manage to survive until modern times. Out of these states, Selangor was established by Bugis immigrants from Sulawesi that were culturally distinct from the Malays. As a result of centuries of contact with the surrounding Malay sultanates, Selangor became heavily Malayized⁽⁴⁾ and effectively known as a Malay state in modern times.⁽⁵⁾
The following are the ten modern Malay nations listed in alphabetical order. Some of the states were founded long before Islamization, but for the sake of simplification, the established date in the list is based on the reign of the first Islamic Ruler.
𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐢 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐦
('Brunei the abode of peace')- est. 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟑⁽⁶⁾
𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐓𝐚'𝐳𝐢𝐦
('Johor the abode of dignity')- est. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖⁽⁷⁾
𝐊𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐡 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐧
('Kedah the abode of peace')- est. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔⁽⁸⁾
𝐊𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐢𝐦
('Kelantan the blissful abode') - est. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟓⁽⁹⁾⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ¹⁾
𝐍𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐢 𝐒𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐧 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐊𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐬
('Negeri Sembilan the special abode') - est. 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟑⁽¹⁰⁾
𝐏𝐚𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐦𝐮𝐫
('Pahang the abode of tranquility') - est. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎⁽¹¹⁾
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐤 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐑𝐢𝐝𝐳𝐮𝐚𝐧
('Perak the abode of grace') - est. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖⁽¹²⁾
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐬 ⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ²⁾ - est. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟏⁽¹³⁾
𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐄𝐡𝐬𝐚𝐧
('Selangor the abode of sincerity')- est. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟔⁽⁵⁾
𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐮 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐥 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐧
('Terengganu the abode of faith') - est. 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟖⁽¹⁴⁾⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ³⁾
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬
⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ¹⁾ The early history of Kelantan Sultanate is obscure, but a well-established state was recorded by the early 15th century. A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Iskandar Shah who reigned until 1465. ⁽⁹⁾
⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ²⁾ Perlis historically adopted the nickname "Indera Kayangan" meaning 'kingdom of Lord Indra'. But the practice was discontinued following a royal decree by the king Tuanku Syed Putra issued in 2015. ⁽¹⁵⁾
⁽ⁿᵒᵗᵉ ³⁾ The earliest Islamic polity in Terengganu was recorded since the early 14th century based on the Terengganu Inscription Stone (1303). A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Zainal Abidin I who reigned from 1708.
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬
⁽¹⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽²⁾ Sheppard (1983), p. 75
⁽³⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽⁴⁾ Andaya, Andaya (1984), p. 104
⁽⁵⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 43
⁽⁶⁾ Sidhu, J. S. (2016), p. 337
⁽⁷⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 67
⁽⁸⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 23
⁽⁹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 99
⁽¹⁰⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 53
⁽¹¹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 79
⁽¹²⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 33
⁽¹³⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 15
⁽¹⁴⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 89
⁽¹⁵⁾ Astro Awani
𝐁𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲
Ibp, I. (2017). 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠. United States: IBP USA. ISBN-9781514517321
Sheppard, M. (1983). 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑢𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑎: 𝐷𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎, 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑜𝑡-𝑠𝑜-𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑜. Malaysia: International Book Service. ISBN-9789679500004
Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Yuzon (1984), 𝐴 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎, London: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-38121-9
Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎, 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 16 - 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑎, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9
Sidhu, J. S. (2016). 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑖 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442264595
Astro Awani
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12 September 2023 > 26 Safar 1445H: 11.20 am
