SOURCE: MALAY WORLD
There are currently 10 Malay nations that exist in Southeast Asia. Out of 10, Brunei is a sovereign country, while the remaining 9 are the constituent states of Malaysia. All 9 states formed the Federation of Malaya in 1948 together with 2 British colonial territories, Malacca and Penang, before achieving independence in 1957, and reconstituted as Malaysia in 1963.
All nine states are effectively countries within a country, with its own constitutions,⁽¹⁾ flags, anthems, and traditions that predates Malaysia itself.⁽²⁾ They even have legislative assemblies that have power to enact state laws.⁽³⁾ Subnational identity is perhaps the most strongly asserted by the Malay State constitutions. They depict Malay-Islamic sultanates alongside their democratic systems and, in reality, the Rulers remain powerful figures of Malay rights, religion and politics.
These ten Malay nation states are a few of several Malay Sultanates that were historically dominating Southeast Asia from 12th to 19th century. Through hundreds of years of wars, conquest, and colonization, only these ten states manage to survive until modern times. Out of these states, Selangor was established by Bugis immigrants from Sulawesi that were culturally distinct from the Malays. As a result of centuries of contact with the surrounding Malay sultanates, Selangor became heavily Malayized⁽⁴⁾ and effectively known as a Malay state in modern times.⁽⁵⁾
The following are the ten modern Malay nations listed in alphabetical order. Some of the states were founded long before Islamization, but for the sake of simplification, the established date in the list is based on the reign of the first Islamic Ruler.
๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ข ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ
('Brunei the abode of peace')- est. ๐๐๐๐⁽⁶⁾
๐๐จ๐ก๐จ๐ซ ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐'๐ณ๐ข๐ฆ
('Johor the abode of dignity')- est. ๐๐๐๐⁽⁷⁾
๐๐๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ง
('Kedah the abode of peace')- est. ๐๐๐๐⁽⁸⁾
๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ง ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ข๐ฆ
('Kelantan the blissful abode') - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽⁹⁾⁽โฟแตแตแต ¹⁾
๐๐๐ ๐๐ซ๐ข ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ง ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ก๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ
('Negeri Sembilan the special abode') - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽¹⁰⁾
๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ค๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ซ
('Pahang the abode of tranquility') - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽¹¹⁾
๐๐๐ซ๐๐ค ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐๐ณ๐ฎ๐๐ง
('Perak the abode of grace') - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽¹²⁾
๐๐๐ซ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ ⁽โฟแตแตแต ²⁾ - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽¹³⁾
๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ก๐ฌ๐๐ง
('Selangor the abode of sincerity')- est. ๐๐๐๐⁽⁵⁾
๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ ๐ ๐๐ง๐ฎ ๐๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ง
('Terengganu the abode of faith') - est. ๐๐๐๐⁽¹⁴⁾⁽โฟแตแตแต ³⁾
๐๐จ๐ญ๐๐ฌ
⁽โฟแตแตแต ¹⁾ The early history of Kelantan Sultanate is obscure, but a well-established state was recorded by the early 15th century. A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Iskandar Shah who reigned until 1465. ⁽⁹⁾
⁽โฟแตแตแต ²⁾ Perlis historically adopted the nickname "Indera Kayangan" meaning 'kingdom of Lord Indra'. But the practice was discontinued following a royal decree by the king Tuanku Syed Putra issued in 2015. ⁽¹⁵⁾
⁽โฟแตแตแต ³⁾ The earliest Islamic polity in Terengganu was recorded since the early 14th century based on the Terengganu Inscription Stone (1303). A clear genealogy only emerges with Sultan Zainal Abidin I who reigned from 1708.
๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฌ
⁽¹⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽²⁾ Sheppard (1983), p. 75
⁽³⁾ Ibp, I. (2017), p. 109
⁽⁴⁾ Andaya, Andaya (1984), p. 104
⁽⁵⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 43
⁽⁶⁾ Sidhu, J. S. (2016), p. 337
⁽⁷⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 67
⁽⁸⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 23
⁽⁹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 99
⁽¹⁰⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 53
⁽¹¹⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 79
⁽¹²⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 33
⁽¹³⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 15
⁽¹⁴⁾ Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), p. 89
⁽¹⁵⁾ Astro Awani
๐๐ข๐๐ฅ๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ
Ibp, I. (2017). ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ค๐ ๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ 1 ๐๐ก๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐, ๐
๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ , ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐ . United States: IBP USA. ISBN-9781514517321
Sheppard, M. (1983). ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐: ๐ท๐๐๐๐, ๐ท๐๐๐๐, ๐๐ข๐ ๐๐, ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐, ๐ฟ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ก-๐ ๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐ด๐๐. Malaysia: International Book Service. ISBN-9789679500004
Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Yuzon (1984), ๐ด ๐ป๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐, London: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-38121-9
Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (2011), ๐โ๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐, ๐ฃ๐๐. 16 - ๐โ๐ ๐
๐ข๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ ๐๐, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-3018-54-9
Sidhu, J. S. (2016). ๐ป๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ท๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐ท๐๐๐ข๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442264595
Astro Awani
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12 September 2023 > 26 Safar 1445H: 11.20 am