NOTE: ANCIENT HISTORY

• Achaemenid Dynasty: a royal house that ruled the Achaemenid Empire, which eventually stretched from Egypt and the Balkans in the west of Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the East. 
• Achaemenid Empire: an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus The Great of the Archaemenid Dynasty in 550 BC> 
• Akkadian Empire: an ancient kingdom established around 2334 BCE and the first empire in world history. Centered in ancient Mesopotamia and its territory is primarily lacated within modern-day Iraq and part of Iran, Syria, Turkey and Kuwait. Established by Sargon of Akkad after defeating the Sumerian King Lugal-zage-si.
• Anatolia: also known as Asia Minor, isa peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. 
• Assyria:  a major ancient Mesopotamia civilisation that existed from the 21st to 7th centuries BC, which conquered and administered of West Asia from the Assyrian heartland in Upper Mesopotamia. Wikipedia : Assyria
• Atlantis : Plato wrote of a powerful island civilisation that sank beneath the sea in a single day and night around 9,600 BCE. 
• Babylonian Empire 
• Location - Mesopotamia between Tigris & Euphrates rivers, capital of Babylon.
• Descendants of the Akkandians, shared roots with Sumerian and Assyrians. 
• Hanging Garden of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. 
• Code of Hammurabi - early legal text. 
• Bronze Age: a major period in human history characterised by the widespread use of bronze to manufacture tools, weapons and armor. It began in the Middle East around 3300 BCE and advanced across Europe and Asia, lasting until its abrupt conclusion around 1200-600 BCE when societies shifted to iron working. 
• Camelot : the legendary court of King Arthur,  a symbol of justice and chivalry - was it a real place or beautiful legend?
• Carthage: was founded around 814 BC by Phoenician settlers. Ancient Carthage was a city-state that ruled an empire through alliances and trade influence that stretched throughout North Africa dan Modern Spain. 
• Chaldea: refers to a region probably located in the marshy land of Southern Mesopotamia. 
• Ciudad Blanca : the "White City" is said to be a hidden civilisation deep in the Honduran jungle, protected by nature itself. 
• Dhar Tichitt and Qualata: prominent among the early urban centres, dated to 2000 BC,in present-day Mauritania. 
• Djenne-Djenno: the civilisation of Djenne-Djenno was located in the Niger River Valley in the country of Mali and is considered to be among the oldest Urbanised centres and the best-known archaeology site in sub-Saharan Africa. 
• Egypt: Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilisation located in north-eastern Africa. Ancient Egypt developed over at least three and half milennia. 
• El Dorado: A golden city of unimaginable wealth to exist somewhere in South America. Many expeditions searched, but none ever returned with proof. 
• Ghost city of Imet: 
• Hidden in the eastern Nile Delta, Known for Temple of Wadjet, tower house and recent rediscovery.
• Reveals daily life in an ancient Egyptian Delta city. 
• Hellenistic Period: covers the time in Greek, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern History following Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC. 
• Hittites: an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilisation of the Bronze Age in West Asia. Wikipedia: Hittites
• Homo Erectus : an extinct species of archaic human that lived from roughly 2 million years ago until about 110,000 years ago. It is the longest-surviving human species in history. 
• Homo Sapiens : the species of highly intelligent primates to which all living humans belong. Coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the name reflects our unique cognitive capacities. Developing in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago, Homo Sapiens outlasted all other hominin species species to become the sole surviving branch of the human family tree. 
• Indus Valley:Bronze age civilisation - in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.It spanned much of Pakistan, northwestern India and northeast Afghanistan.
• Iram of the Pillars : a magnificent city described in ancient texts as rich beyong belief, lost in the Arabian Desert over 2,000 years ago. 
• Kingdom of Aksum: of Aksumite Empire- a kingdom in North East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, based in what is now Entrea and Northern Ethiopia, and spanning present-day Djibouti, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.  
• Kingdom of Kush:also known as the Kushite Empire, was an ancient Kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. 
• Kitezh: A Russian legend tells of a holy city that vanished beneath a lake to protect itself from invaders - and still appears to those who are pure of heart. 
• Medes: an Iron Age Iranian people who spoke the Median Language, inhabited an area know as Media between western and northern Iran. 
• Mesolithic : the Old world archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic (Middle of Stone Age). Alternative names is Epipaleolithic. 
• Mesopotamia: a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system. It corresponds roughly to the territory of modern Iraq. 
• Mitanni: (1550-1260 BC) - a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern day Turkey). 
• Mohenjo Daro : one of the most famous cities of the ancient world. Built around 2600-1900 BC in the Indus Valley, located in Sindh, Pakistan. Known for planned streets and advanced drainage.
• Monte Alban: one of the first major cities in Mesoamerica, which today is known as the Mexican state of Oaxaca. 
• Neo-Assyrian: the 4th and penultimate state of ancient Assyrian history.  Beginning with accession of Adad-niran II in 911 BCE. 
• Neolithic: or New Stone Age, an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Asia, Europe and Africa (10,000 BC - 2,000 BC). Wikipedia : Neolithic.
• Nineveh: ancient Near Eastern city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.The largest city on the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 
• Nok Culture: appeared in Nigeria around 1000 BC and mysteriously vanished around 200 AD. 
• Nubis: the Ta- Seti kingdom in Nubia to the south of Egypt was conquered by Egyptian rulers around 3100 BC,but by 2500 BC the Nubian had created a new kingdom known as Kingdom of Kush. 
• Paleolithic : or Old Stone Age - period of human prehistoric technology, extending from the earliest known use of stone toold by Hominins, c. 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene. 
• Parthia: was an Iranian civilisation situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran. The Parthian Empire was led by the Arsacid Dynasty. 
• Persian: an Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau in West Asia that comprise the majority of the population of modern-day Iran. 
• Phoenicia: an ancient Semitic people who inhabited city-states in Canaan along the Levantine Coast of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily in present-day Lebanon. 
• Prehistory: the period before written history. Most of the knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. 
• Ptolemaic Kingdom: an ancient Greek polity based in Egypt durign the Hellenistic period. Founded in 305 BC by the Macedonian General Ptolemy I Soter, a companion of Alexander The Great. 
• Sasanian Empire: an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651 AD. 
• Seleucid Empire: in West Asia during the Hellenistic Period, founded in 312 BC by the Macedonians general Seleucus I Nicator. 
• Stone Age: prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000 BC and 2000 BC. Wikipedia: Stone Age
• Sumerian City-States: (3000-2334 BCE) - Southern Mesopotamia, where cities such as Umma, Uruk, Ur, Lagash and Kish competed for land and influence. It is independent city-states, each with its own ruler, patron god, temples and surrounding farmland. 
• Temple of Solomon : Sacred center of Israel, built by Solomon, the first temple in Jurusalem. It was destroyed by the Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC. Built specifically to house the Ark of Covenant, which contained the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. 
• Zapotec Civilisation: (700 BC - 1521 AD) - an indigenous pre-Columbian civilisation that flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca in Mesoamerica. 
• Zerzura: a lost oasis in the Sahara Desert, mentioned in ancient maps and caravan tales, but never found. 

Reference:

1. History: Ancient History
2. Wikipedia : Ancient History

Updated:

Hj Zulheimy Maamor

16 July 2026: 11.45 p.m