Abu Raihan Al-Biruni: A Persian geographer who visited Srivijaya in 1030 AD recorded that Srivijaya was located on Suwarandib Island, the amazing Golden Island.
Abu Zaid as-Sirafi: recorded about the Srivijaya Kingdom in the 9th century AD. The palace of the Srivijaya Emperor was located on a pond (a floating palace). When the water in the pond receded, gold ingots were visible, sparkling in the sunlight.
Al-Biruni: stated that Srivijaya was called the "Golden Country" because gold could be found everywhere on the land of Srivijaya and it was said that there was no other kingdom in the world that was said to be as rich as Srivijaya at that time.
Al-Idrisi (1099 - 1165 AD): Records the presence of Malays from the Srivijaya Kingdom in East Africa.
Al-Zabag: the name of a powerful empire mentioned by the Persian Sailor Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi in 851 CE. Scholars believe al-Zabag referred to the Srivijaya Kingdom, located in Sumater or Java
Aurora Roxana-Lim (1973): Studies conducted by Louis-Charles Damais show that ancient Malay was one of the main intermediary languages used by scholars and Buddhists in Srivijaya.
Gabriel Ferrand: The Srivijaya kingdom has existed since 392 AD.
George Coedes: in "The Indianized State of Southeast Asia." (1968) > Director of the French Institute of Far Eastern Studies who was aware of the mention of "Sanfotsi" was the Malay Kingdom of Srivijaya.
Grahi: the Song Dynasty mention states like Grahi (as Kia-lo-hi or other variants) and identify them as being under the suzerainty of the Srivijaya Kingdom (San-fo-qi).
Great Leiden Plate Inscription: 11th century AD, written in Sanskrit, the Srivijaya ruler is referred to as 'Srivisayadhipatina Katahadhipatyam atavanta" which means "The ruler of Srivijaya and who ruled in Kedah."
H. Kern, Prof. : a Duch epigrapher - published his analysis of the Kota Kapur inscription and initially believed that "Srivijaya" referred to the name of a king. This was based on the fact that "Sri" is a title often used for royalty.
Hermann Schlegel : According to a source on the Malay Wikipedia, Hermann Schlegel, together with Dutch scholar J. L. Moens and Japanese scholar K. Takakuwa, supported the opinion that linked the Ho-Lo-tan kingdom (mentioned in 5th-century Chinese records) with Kelantan, and later take the name Srivijaya.
Ibnu Abd Rabbih (860-840M): wrote in his book "Al-Iqd Al-Farid" that there was an Emperor from the Hind Province who sent a letter to Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz asking him to send someone to teach him the religion of Islam. Prof. Q.S.Fatimi explained that the Hind Province referred to in the letter was Srivijaya.
Ibnu Kordadhbeh (844-848 AD): recorded about Srivijaya > The ruler of Zabag (the Arab name for Srivijaya) was called the Maharaja and every morning, the Maharaja would receive the produce of his empire which amounted to 200 man."
J.G de Casparis: his view is based on the Telaga Batu Inscription, he believes that Srivijaya was a 'kingdom' or empire.
J.L. Moens : In "Srivijaya Java en Kataha" (1937) - believed that early Srivijaya was located in Kelantan. K.A. Nilakanta Sasti (1949) supported the idea.
Junjiro Takakusu: Publhished his translation of I-Ching's work in 1896 > A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (Nan-hai chi-kuei nei-fa-chuan), provided crucial evidence that Srivijaya (which I-Ching referred to as Shih-lih-fo-shih and Takakusu translated as "Sribhoga") was a kingdom. This challenged Dutch epigrapher H. Kern's initial 1913 theory, which had mistakenly considered Srivijaya to be the name of a king based on his analysis of the Kota Kapur inscription.
K. Takakuwa :
- a Japanese scholar, supports the view of J. L. Moens who proposes Kelantan as the early center of Srivijaya or a kingdom that preceded it.
- Takakuwa associates the Ho-Lo-tan kingdom, mentioned in Chinese records in the 5th century AD, with Kelantan. He argues that this Ho-Lo-tan kingdom later took the name Srivijaya. This view is also supported by J. L. Moens and Hermann Schlegel.
Kedukan Bukit Inscription, Sumatra: is one of the oldest physical documents that records the Old Malay language. This inscription was found by a Dutch officer named M. Batenburg in the Kedukan Bukit Village in Sumatra, Indonesia. In this inscription is recorded the name "Srivijaya", a legendary maritime empire famous in Southeast Asia.
Ling-wai-tai-ta (1178): This text mentions that during the 11th century, the state of Jambi (Chan-pi) was located in San-fo-chi, and that it sent tribute to China. In contrast, the name Shih-li-fo-shih (the earlier name for Srivijaya) only appears twice in Chinese records during the 12th century, indicating a decline in its prominence.
M.C.Chand Chirayu Rajani: a Thai Scholar, published his views in a series of articles and a books, "Toward a History of Laem Thong and Sri Vijaya" - he argued that the capital of Srivijaya was at Chaiya.
Madigiriya Inscription: carved by Mahinda VI, King of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom of Sri Lanka > praising the King of Srivijaya who liberated Sri Lanka from the Chola King.
Malay Kingdom: such as Champa, Chih Tu, Funan, Sri Dharmaraja, Langkasuka, Tambralinga, Gangga Negara, Bruas, the old Kedah, the Old Brunei Kingdom, Kutai Kingdom, Pasai, Old Kelantan Kingdom etc... (Hussin 2011). Srivijaya was the first Malay Empire founded in the Malay Archipelago.
Nicholas Tarling: Noting the success of the Srivijaya Kingdom was the result of the Malays' skills in navigation.
Pingzhou Ketan (Canton stories): Zhu Yu's records around the year 1118-19 recorded the importance of San-fo-ch'i (Srivijaya) which was prosperous and strong.
Prajit P.Prasad: suggested that the Srivijaya capital was located in Songkhla, Thailand.
R.C. Majumdar: The dean of Indian history in 1933 put forward the theory that the capital of Srivijaya was in the Malay Peninsula during the I-Ching's visit.
Roland St.John Braddel, Dato' Sir: menegaskan kepentingan Funan dalam kajian berkaitan Srivijaya.
San-fo-qi: refers to Srivijaya in the History of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Shi-lu).
Sean Kingsley, Dr. : a Maritime Archaelogy in 2021, made widely reported remarks connecting the artifacts recovered from the Musi River in Palembang, Indonesia to the potential wealth of the lost Srivijaya Civilisation.
Shih-li-fo-shih: the early Chinese name for the Srivijaya empire, a powerful thalassocratic (maritime) state that flourished in Southeast Asia between the 7th and 13th centuries. Historians generally agree that the Chinese names "Shi-li-fo-shi" dan "San'fo-chi" are transcription of Srivijaya.
Slamet Muljana (Prof.Dr.): Palembang is the right location as the capital of the Kingdom of Srivijaya.
Suzuki Takashi (Prof.Dr.): from Kobe University, Japan. He wrote a book titled "History of Srivijaya" stating that Jayavarman II, the founder of the Angkor Empire, was actually a Malay governor who ruled Cambodia and Khmer and represented the Malay Srivijaya Empire there.
Taiping Huanyu Ji: a Chinese government encyclopedia states that the distance between Chi Tu and another Malay Empire at that time, Srivijaya, was said to be within 1500 li.
Talang Tuwo Inscription: discovered in 1920 in Palembang, Indonesia by Louis C. Westenenk > records the date "year Saka on the second day of the bright month of Chaitra" which corresponds to 23 March 684 AD. This inscription mentions the name of a King named Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa who is considered the founder of the Srivijaya Kingdom in the 7th century AD.
Tatsuo Hatsuno: The name Chi Tu has been remembered since the Tang Dynasty. He stated that the beginning of the Srivijaya kingdom began at Chi Tu.
Ye Tinggui: in his notes from 1151 AD entitled Nanfan xianglu (Treatise On Southeast Asia Aromathics) stated that every year Sriwijaya would send several large ships containing incense to Guangzhou and Quanzhou.
Yi Jing: Chinese Buddhist monk, one of the most important early sources of Srivijaya. He documented that Srivijaya was a flourishing center of Mahayana Buddhism, with numerous monks and major educational institutions that attracted scholars from across Asia.
Zabag: Abu Yahya Zakari'ya ibn Muhammad al-Qazwani (died 1283), 13th century Persian cosmographer in his encyclopedia "Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa ghara'ib al-mawjudat" metion the kingdom of Zabag, a wealthy empire in the East. Modern historian widely identify Zabag with the ancient Srivijaya empire.
Rujukan:
- Slamet Mulyana (2006), Sriwijaya, Yogyakarta, Pertjetakan Arnoldus Ende-Flores.
- George Coedes (1964), Asia Tenggara Masa Hindu-Buddha (diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia oleh Winarsih Partaningrat Ariffin, Jakarta, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
- D.G.E. Hall (1955), A History of South-east Asia, London, The Macmillan Press Ltd.
- Takashi Suzuki (2019), The History of Srivijaya, Angkor and Champa, Tokyo, Mekong Publishing Co., Ltd.
- Prajit P. Prasad (2017), Srivijaya Empire, The Centre was in Songkhla, Thailand, dilayari daripada http://srivijaya2017.blogspot.com pada 10 Mac 2020.
Hj Zulheimy Maamor
Lembah Keramat, K.L
18.11.2025: 11.04 p.m
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