RESOURSE: SEA HERITAGE & HISTORY
The Samudera Pasai Kingdom was founded in 1128 and is located on the east coast of Sumatra, or more or less around the cities of Lhokseumawe and North Aceh.
Samudera Pasai developed as the most influential maritime kingdom because it was located near the strategic Malacca Strait. Therefore, it is not surprising that this makes the Samudera Pasai Kingdom a place to stop and stay for many traders.
It was not only the Srivijaya Kingdom that became the center of Buddhist learning. The Samudera Pasai Kingdom also became a center of Islamic studies in Southeast Asia in the early 14th century. The royal elite made the royal environment a place for discussions between ulama and other elites or between ulama.
Literature work
As a large kingdom, Samudera Pasai also developed goodly literary works. The literary work developed adapts the Arabic language that entered the Sumatra region. This is what is then called the Jawi language, and the letters are called Jawi Arabic. One of these written works is Hikayat Raja Pasai. The initial part of this text is thought to have been written around 1360 AD. HRP marks the beginning of the development of classical Malay literature in the archipelago. This Malay language was later also used by Shaykh Abdurrauf al-Singkili to write his books.
In line with the development of literary works, the science of Sufism also developed. One of the Sufism books translated into Malay is Durru al-Manzum, by Maulana Abu Ishak. This book was then translated into Malay by Makhdum Patakan, at the request of the Sultan of Malacca. The information above tells a glimpse of the role that Samudera Pasai played in its position as the center of Islamic civilization in Southeast Asia at that time.
Pasai Malay, the forerunner of Indonesian and other modern Malay languages
Malay is the main root of Indonesian. Throughout the history of its development, the Malay language has continuously been enriched so that it plays a more established role throughout the archipelago. Along with the rise and fall of kingdoms in Southeast Asia and the arrival of foreign colonialism, the Malay language also received different predicates in its development, namely:
1) Pasai Malay; 2) Melaka Malay; 3) Aceh Darussalam Malay; 4) Johor Malay; 5) Riau Malay; 6) Balai Pustaka Malay; 7) Indonesian national language; and the national language of Malaysia.
The Pasai Malay language developed during the Samudera Pasai Kingdom (1128 -1524 AD). This kingdom played a very important role in the spread of Islam to various regions in Southeast Asia, such as Melaka and Java. At the same time as the development of Islam, the Pasai Malay language also spread in the region through Islamic religious teaching books which used the Pasai Malay language as an introduction.
The Samudera Pasai Kingdom was closely related to the Melaka Kingdom. The marriage between the Sultan of Melaka Iskandar Syah and the daughter of Sultan Zainal Abidin from Samudera Pasai further strengthened relations between the two countries.
The Sultan of Pasai has also sent two clerics to Java to develop Islam. Thanks to the Islamic preaching carried out by Maulana Malik Ibrahim and Maulana Ishak, the Islamic religion developed in Gresik and then spread throughout Java. It was because of his role as the first preacher that Maulana Ishak had the title Sheikh Awwalul Islam.
The term "Malay language" was a new habit in the 18th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Malay was referred to using the term "Jawi language", because the language was written in Jawi letters, namely Arabic letters that had been adapted to the spoken language of the people of the archipelago. Meanwhile, "Jawi" was the name of the Arabs at that time for the countries in the archipelago, Southeast Asia.
The Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai written in Jawi or Pasai Malay is very strong evidence for recognizing the original form of the Jawi Pasai language. However, the only manuscript of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai that has been passed down to us today was not found in Aceh, but in Java. This manuscript belonged to Kiai Suradimenggala, Regent of Sepuh in Demak, who was finished copying it in 1235 H or 1819 AD.
The existence of the only manuscript of the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai in Java is also proof that the Javanese people at that time knew the Pasai Malay language well, so they could enjoy the stories in the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai.
Jawi or Pasai Malay is also one of the official languages of the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam. This, among other things, can be proven from the foreword to the Book of Miraatut Thullab by Sheikh Abdurrauf As-Singkily (Syiah Kuala). About that Sheikh Abdurrauf said,
"So it is that the Almighty Hadlarat (Paduka Sri Sultanah Tajul Alam Safiatuddin Syah) has said to me from being very ignorant of the religion of the Messenger of Allah that I compose for him a book in the Jawi language which is refined from the Pasai language which is muhtaj (a person who holds the position of qadli is needed) on the legal work of all the final laws of Allah's sharak on all the ulama of the nation to Imam Syafi'i radliyallahu 'anhu".
During the heyday of the Aceh Darussalam Kingdom, this region produced many scholars and authors, some of whose works can still be found today. However, there are four of the most famous clerics, namely Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin As-Sumatrani, Nuruddin Ar-Raniry, and Abdurauf As-Singkily. Most of the books written by these scholars are written in Pasai Malay.
Among Hamzah Fansuri's compositions are the Poetry of the Pingai Bird, the Poetry of the Pungguk Bird, the Poetry of the Perahu, and the Poetry of Trade. Meanwhile, his work in prose is Asrarul Arifin and quite a lot of other types of prose.
Regarding Nuruddin Ar-Raniry's role in developing the Malay language, Prof Dr Azyumardi Azra wrote the following: No less important is Ar-Raniry's role in encouraging further development of the Malay language as a lingua franca in the Malay region of Indonesia. He is even claimed to be one of the first Malay poets.
Even though Ar-Raniry's mother tongue is not Malay, his mastery of this language is beyond debate. An expert in Malay manuscript studies, Azyumardi Azra, stated that Ar-Raniry Classical Malay does not show the rigidity that is often seen in preclassical Malay. Thus, Ar-Raniry's works in Malay are also considered literary works and, therefore, make a major contribution to the development of Malay as a language of science.
Sheikh Abdurrauf throughout his career in Aceh has written major works which have become references for Malay Muslims in matters of fiqh, tafsir, kalam and Sufism. The development of the Jawi Malay language from the Samudera Pasai Kingdom until the founding of the Republic of Indonesia has certainly gone through centuries. Teuku Iskandar said, "Malay literature which started in the Pasai Kingdom and continued in the Aceh Kingdom developed for more than 650 years and is influential to this day."
In this case, Syed Muhammad Naguib al-Attas, among others, said that the influence of Hamzah Fansuri's poetry continued until the 20th century. This conclusion was acknowledged by an expert on Hamzah Fansuri (Hamzah Fansurilog), namely Abdul Hadi WM.
He believes that Hamzah's influence can be seen in several works of "New Pujangga" poets such as Sanusi Pane and Amir Hamzah. For Sanusi, this influence can be seen in his poem "Carried by Waves", while for Amir Hamzah it can be seen in the poem entitled "Because You".
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28/11/2024: 12.02 p.m
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