ISLAM IS THE TRUE RELIGION. WHO ARE THE MUSLIMS?

By Nora Dora

Being Muslims, Al Quran and Al Hadith (Prophet Muhammad S.A.W recorded actions and sayings) are our primarily guidance to live successfully in this World and HereAfter. InsyaAllah. You might didn't know that Prophet Muhammad S.A.W is the descendant of Prophet Ibrahim pbuh through his first born, Prophet Ismael pbuh.

The Arabic word ‘Islam’ means ‘submission’, and is derived from a word meaning ‘peace’. As such, the religion of Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God and live according to His Divinely revealed Law.

Islam is not a new religion because ‘submission to the will of God’, i.e. Islam, has always been the only acceptable religion in the sight of God. For this reason, Islam is the true ‘natural religion’, and it is the same eternal message revealed through the ages to all of God’s prophets and messengers.

According to Prophet Muhammad S.A.W, Allah had already sent 124 000 prophets before him to every nations and tribes in their own languages to guide people to the oneness of Allah but as Muslims we are only required to know only 25 names mentioned in Al Quran. 

A few people claimed that Buddha is one of the prophets but we can't tell anything because his name is not mentioned in Al Quran or Al Hadith. The main message of all the prophets has always been that there is only One True God and He alone is to be worshipped. 

These prophets start with Adam and include Idrees@Enoch (the first man to be taught to write), Nuh@Noah, Ibrahim@Abraham, Ismael (Ibrahim's first son) Ishaq (Ibrahim's second son) , Ya'akob@Israel, Musa and his brother Haron, Dawud@David and his son, Sulaiman; Yahaya ibn Zakariyya@John the Baptist, and I'ssah Al Messiah ibn Maryam@Jesus, peace be upon them all. God has revealed in the Holy Quran:

“ And We did not send any messenger before you (O Muhammad SAW) but We inspired him saying: La ilaha illa Ana (none has the right to be worshipped but I (الله) so worship Me.(Alone and none else) ’” (Al Quran 21:25)

However, the true message of these prophets was either lost or got corrupted over time. Even the most recent books, the Torah and the Gospels were adulterated and hence they lost their credibility to guide the people to the right path. Ancient Hindu scripture Veda is not mentioned in Al Quran but if we could refer, the teaching of oneness of God is there and idol worshipping is absolutely prohibited.

Therefore 600 years after Jesus, God revived the lost message of previous prophets by sending the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W with His final revelation, the Glorious Quran, to all of mankind. Since the Prophet Muhammad is the final prophet, God Himself has promised to preserve His last revealed words so that it is a source of guidance for all humanity till the Last Day. It is now imperative for everyone to believe and follow this final message from God. God Almighty has revealed in the Quran:

“We have not sent you (O Muhammad) but to all mankind as a giver of good news and as a warner, but most people do not know.” (Quran 34:28)

“Whoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be one of the losers.” (Quran 3:85)

The word “Muslim” means one who submits to the will of God, regardless of his/her race, nationality or ethnic background. Hence, any person who is ready to submit to the will of God is eligible to become a Muslim. I invite you towards The Creator of the Seven Heavens and the Earth: ALLAH by following all the teachings of the last and final prophet of ALLAH in Al Quran and Al Hadith.

There is none worthy of worship except ALLAH (الله) and Prophet Muhammad SAW is the last and final Messenger of الله until the Day of Resurrection.

Jesus@ Issah Al Messiah ibn Virgin Maryam was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel (descendant of Prophet Ya'akob alaihis salam) for guidance and as a warner and to continue the law given to Prophet Musa alaihis salam in the original Taurat

May Allah guides is all to the truth. Aamiin

Wallahua'lam

SALAM

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30 November 2023 > 16 Jamadilawal 1445H: 12.15 am

NOTA ALAM MELAYU : THE MALAYS

Resource: QUORA.COM

Since Orang Asli originate from the Malay Archipelago, are they not Malays?

Malays which comprise around 60% of Malaysian population today are mostly ‘constitutional Malays’.

According to Article 160; ‘A Malay is a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom and (a) was before Merdeka Day born in the Federation or in Singapore or born of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or in Singapore, or is on that day domiciled in the Federation or in Singapore; or (b) is the issue of such a person;

Orang Asli on the other hand, officially comprised of 18 sub-ethnics that come from these 3 main ethnics:

• Semang or Negrito (Sub ethnics: Kensiu, Kintak, Lanoh, Jahai, Mendriq, Bateq)
• Senoi (Sub ethnics: Temiar, Semai, Semoq, Beri, Jahut, Mahmeri, Che Wong)
• Proto-Malay (Sub ethnics: Orang Kuala, Orang Kanaq, Orang Seletar, Jakun, Semelai, Temuan)

Some of them are Muslims, others are Animists, Christians, Hindus or Buddhists. (Non-Muslims are automatically disqualified as Malays by law)

They communicate using their own language which are either Austro-asiactic or Austronesian.

Sometimes, they like to whistle and make sounds using their lips to communicate with each other.

(Man, they sure are amazing whistlers)

Both Malays and Orang Aslis are deemed Bumiputras by constitution.

To answer one of the posters’ question, yes, Orang Aslis and those ethnics in Sabah/Sarawak are actually more ‘native’ than the Malays (which are mostly Malays because the book says so) and they are the ones who should be getting more of the perks (going by ‘who came here first’ basis)

The constitutional Malays should be humble, accept the fact and stop calling Chinese and Indians as pendatang (immigrants).

- Hassanul Hadi Zakaria

How old is the Malay Civilisation?

The oldest archaeological evidence of Ancient Malay Civilization was found in Kedah specifically the Lembah Bujang Archaeological site on the bank of Sungai Merbok. The site was dated all the way back to 535 BC. This means that Malay Civilization is 2500 to 3000 years old. There are evidence that concludes that earlier Malay City States to have also existed. The cradle of Tamadun Melayu was the Northern Malay Peninsular which is mostly modern day Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu and the Pattani Region of Thailand. It was once thaught that Malay Civilization was an offshoot of Vedic (Indian) Civilization however the earliest evidence of Indians in the Nusantara Region only appeared in the 6th Century AD. Pre-Hindu-Buddhist Malay Civilization consist of sovereign City States (kinda like the Greeks) and as Indian influence spreads, the small states slowly grew and gobble up each other and slowly Malay Civilization spreads southwards replacing the Austronesian Proto-Malays and inland replacing the Austroasiatic speaking Australoid Aslian Tribes and since Malays, like other Austronesians are inherently seafarers, they expand into Eastern Sumatra and the Coast of Kalimantan (Borneo).

Map of Alam Melayu (Malay Reich) where the Red Circle was the Cradle of Malay Civilization.

Source:

[1]Malays (ethnic group) - Wikipedia

[2]Bujang Valley - Wikipedia

(Putera Iskandar Zainuddin > B.A. in Bachelor of Science in Physics with Honors & Philosophy, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)

When did the Malay Civilisation started?

The most popular pre-Islamic Malay Kingdom is probably Srivijaya but it’s actually among the last Malay Kingdoms before Malays embraced Islam. Srivijaya rose quite late in the 7th century.

There were many older Malay Kingdoms in the region and they usually arose in the peninsula. Kadaram/Kataha could be found as early as 1AD. Langkasuka was found in 2AD. and other Kingdoms/polities such as Chih Tu, Kolathana, Gangganegara and so on which were older than Srivijaya.

So I guess Malay civilisation started as early as the 1st century.

(Nafran Naif > Former Librarian at Public Libraries

Do Malaysian Malays really come from Indonesia?

Simple Answer: No, because Indonesia didnt exist back then before 1945.

Long Answer: Yes and No (because culture and genes evolved seperately);

1. No, genetically speaking, the people that will be known as the Melayu have long settled the Peninsular for 2 to 3 thousand years. They were the product of interbreeding between the Austronesian Proto Sumatrans (they were a Batak-like people) and the Native Orang Asli. Back then, those people althrough they have the same genetic makeup as the Melayu will be (aside later Indian Arab and Chinese influences) but they did not called themselves Melayu and are similar to the Proto Malay Orang Asli people in Southern parts of Tanah Melayu, the Orang Laut and native tribes of Sabah and Sarawak.
2. Yes, culturally and linguistically speaking. The ancestor of the Malay Language split of with the ancestor of the Ibanic Language. The speakers than began to colonise the Coast of Kalimantan before moving out to colonise Eastern Sumatra and finally spreading to the Peninsular where they unify most of the Proto Malay tribes (and even assimilate various Orang Asli Tribes) of the Peninsular. The reason why Ancient Malay spread is probally because of trade since Austronesian expansion throughout SE Asia was mostly because of trade where Bahasa Melayu Kuno became a Lingua Franca. Some of these tribes (especially in the North) benifitted a lot from trade and started to urbanise and they found kingdoms like Langkasuka and Kedah. The Indians then came btw 1500 to 2000 years ago and Malay Civilisation spread to Sumatra where a Kingdom was founded on the Banks of a Rivier called Sungai Melayu which was Old Javanese meaning “to accelerate”. When Malacca came to power, the people who speak these set of closely related language called themselves Orang Melayu.
3. Yes (AGAIN !), remember the Kingdom that was founded on the Banks of the Melayu river ? There is a theory that the Kingdom was a centre of the ancient Malay Kingdom of Sri Vijaya. When the kingdom fell to the Majapahit, the last prince of the Kingdom, Parameswara escaped to establish Melaka and “Melayu” was what the Malaccans called the now forgotten Kingdom of Sri Vijaya until it was rediscovered by a French Archeologist named George Cœdès in the 1920s where he named the kingdom Sri Vijaya. Anyways, the theory goes that the Malaccans saw themselves as the heir of Sri Vijaya and decided to call themselves Melayu and the name stuck as Sri Vijaya fades away from the Malay Collective Memory.

(Putera Iskandar Zainuddin - B.A in Bachelor of Science in Physics with Honors & Philosophy, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) (Expected 2023)

NOTA ALAM MELAYU : THE MALAYS & CIVILISATION

Compiled by : Hj. Zulheimy bin Maamor

1. Malay was first used in the first Millenia as Old Malay, a part of Austronesian Language family (Malayo-Polynesian). The term "Austronesian" was introduced by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906. 
2. The Malays are made up of a huge racial group basically based in Sundaland (Benua Sunda), normally referred to as Malay Archipelago or Southeast Asia (Oppenheimer, 1998 : Santos, 2005). 
3. The Malays speak various dialects belonging to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family of language. 
4. Britannica Encyclopedia defines the Malay or Orang Melayu, any member of an ethnic group of the Malay Peninsula and portions of adjacent islands of Southeast Asia, including the east coast of Sumatera, the coast of Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.
5. The earliest record in the origin of the Malay is found in a Ptolemy's map as early as the 1st Century AD which also name is as the Golden Chersonese also known as Maleu-Kolon (Gerini, 1909). 
6. Another record from the Chinese such as Dan Ming, mentioned about the Malay. The world Malay was pronounced in accordance  to the Chinese accent such as Bok-la-yu, Mok-la-yu, Ma-li-yu-er, and Oo-lai-yu. 
7. The Tang Dynasty Chinese were, in general , familiar with the Malay language and referred to it as Kunlun-yu. 
8. The famous story of "The Kunlun-Nu" by Pei Xing (825-880 CE)  which potrays a Malay security guard cum martial arts expert named Mo Le who is invulnerable, capable of flying and has other supernatural abilities. (Xing, Jue & Roney, 2013). This literaty piece had been a main source for other artistic pieces, and has been adopted into a movie "The Promise" (2005) with Mo Le's name change to Kunlun. 
9. The term "Mo-lo-yu" was mentioned by Yijing (I-Tsing or I-Ching) a Tang Dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk who visited Southeast Asia in 688-695 AD. The Kingdom was located at a distance of 15 days sailing from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribhoga (Srivijaya).  
10. During the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the world "Ma-la-yu:  was mentioned often in the Chinese historical texts.  
11. The term "Malayur" was inscribed in the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil Naidu, India. It described the Kingdom in Malay Peninsula that fell to the King Rajendra Chola I in the 11th century. 
12. A transcription from the Prasasti Padang Roco dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana mentioned the term "Bhumi Malayu" which is associated with Dharmasraya Kingdom.  
13. Malayapura was inscrited in the Amoghapasa Inscription dated 1347 CE, used by Aditywarman to refer to Dharmasraya. 
14. The oldest form of Malay is decended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia.
15. Ancient Malay or ProtoMalay is the language believed to have existed in prehistoric times. Malay proto is one of the aboriginal trives in Malaysia such as Jakun and Temuan.
16. Proto-Malay: translated to Melayu Asli, refers to Austronesian speakers who moved to mainland Asia to the Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago betweem 2500 to 1500 BC.
17. Deutro Malay is the modern Malay today. They set up the early Malay Kingdom.
18. Among the Malay characters were dated from the 16th century onward, such as the one compiled by Tom Pires when Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese. Followed by another Portuguese named Duarte Barbossa in 1518  and a Spaniard Emanuel Godhino de Eredia observed the Malay in Malacca and claimed majority of them were cheerful, roguish and wanton. 
19. The earliest civilization of the Malay Nation can be traced at Sungai Batu, Kedah aged 788 B.C. It is found in the western part of the ancient port and 4 of the discovery are over the age of 500 BC (Arkeologi Sg Batu, 2014).
20. This is followed by the other Malay Kingdom such as Champa, Chih Tu, Funan, Sri Dharmaraja, Langkasuka, Tambralinga, Gangga Negara, Bruas, the old Kedah, the Old Brunei Kingdom, Kutai Kingdom, Pasai, Old Kelantan Kingdom etc... (Hussin 2011). Srivijaya was the first Malay Empire founded in the Malay Archipelago. 
21. Robert Blust (1986) briefed “Malay is one of the races in the family of a very broad ethnic group known as the Malayo-Polynesian or Austronesian. Among the tribes in this family are Malay, Javanese, Bugis, Sundanese, Maori, Hawaii, Fiji and so on.
22. The word Malayo-Polynesian was originally coined in 1841 by Franz Bopp as the name for the Austronesian language family. 
23. Alfred Russel Wallace in the “The Malay Archipelago” (1863) mentioned “the Malay Archipelago as the whole Southeast Asia that forms a triangle, starting from Nicobar Island in the East Sea to the Solomon Islands in the South East, and Luzon in the North to Rotti near the Island of Timor in the South.”
24. Mpu Prapanca a Javanese poet from the Royal Majapahit, in his “Desawarnama” in 1365 has listed some areas identified as the land of the Malays such as Jambi, Palembang, Jakarta, Kampar, Rokan, Pane, Kampe, Aru, Mandaileng, Tumiang,Lamuri, Barus in Sumatra and Langkasuka, Kedah, Kelantan and Pahang in Malay Peninsula (Malkiel-Jirmounsky, 1939).
25. The terms ”sons of the soil  ” could be traced from The Malay Classical texts such as “Malay Annals ” (Sejarah Melayu), ‘Undang-Undang Melaka “ (1470-1750), “Hikayat Merpati Mas dan Merpati Perak “ (1883) and “Adat Raja Melayu “ 1779, MSS 1817.
26. Expedition Pamalayu > the expedition where the Singgahsari Empire wanted to expand and subdue the Power of the Srivijaya Empire. This prove that the name Malay and the Malay Civilization had been around a long time.
27. Datuk Dr. Wan Hashim Wan Teh , Malaysian archeologist that published the latest theory about the origins of the Malay said that the Malay were in the country since 74,000 B.C. rejected the earlier theories that the Malay came from Yunnan and Taiwan.
28. Martin Richards, archeogenetics Professor from Leeds University reported an evidence in the study of DNA that rejected the theory of Malay came from Yunnan and Taiwan. 
29. The Yunnan theory, Mekong river migration (published in 1889) – The theory of Proto-Malays originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slamet Muljana and Asmah Haji Omar. Other evidence that supports this theory include: stone tools found in the Malay Archipelago are analogous to Central Asian tools, the similarity of Malay customs and Assam customs. R.H.Geldern and his team who mentioned that Proto-Malays migrated from the Mekong River to Malay Peninsula (Van Nguyen et al.2000)
30. The Taiwan theory (published in 1997) – The migration of a group of people from Southern China occurred 6,000 years ago, some moved to Taiwan (today's Taiwanese aborigines are their descendants), then to the Philippines and later to Borneo (roughly 4,500 years ago) (today's Dayak and other groups). These ancient people also split with some heading to Sulawesi and others progressing into Java, and Sumatra, all of which now speak languages that belong to the Austronesian Language family. The final migration was to the Malay Peninsula roughly 3,000 years ago. A sub-group from Borneo moved to Champa in modern-day Central and South Vietnam roughly 4,500 years ago. There are also traces of the Dong Son and Hoabinhian migration from Vietnam and Cambodia. All these groups share DNA and linguistic origins traceable to the island that is today Taiwan, and the ancestors of these ancient people are traceable to southern China.
31. The fact that Malay Ancestors were the first people who founded the political formation or actual government in Nusantara in general and in Malaysia in specific, could be verified by the 3^rd century B.C. Indian Primeval texts Ramayana and Vayu Purana which had chronicled an entity called “Malayadvipa “ in Nusantara.
32. Stephen Oppenheimer ( 2004) said that the Malays were originally from Southeast Asia. During the Ice Age, the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines were mutually joined to one another before sinking due to the end of the ice age. The result of the great flood the Malay were scattered all over the place as far as Hawaii.
33. A study of the origin of the Malays show Malay Kelantan are the most likely the original Malay settled in the Peninsula over 60,000 years ago. The study involved 10 sub-ethnic Malays in Peninsula Malaysia such the Javanese in Johor and Selangor, the Acheh in Perak, the Minang in Negeri Sembilan, the Banjar in Selangor and Johor, the Bugis in Selangor and Johor, the Rawa in Perak, the Malay Champa in Perak, Kedah and Kelantan, the Pattani in Kelantan, the Kelantan Malay and the Langkawi Malay. This study is the first in the world to identify the basic genetic of the origin of the Malays. 
34. In Madagascar, the Malays became the ancestors of the Malagasy people, with their well-known Merina-Kingdom. 

THE MALAY KINGDOM

1. The oldest Chinese accounts that described the Malay Kingdom was Fukantulu and Shenli as recorded during Han Dynasty in the 2nd Century BC. 
2. The Ancient Kedah existed long before the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate. It stretched from Takuapa, Thailand to Kuala Selinsing in Perak,Malaysia. 
3. The oldest Indian accounts about Malay Kingdom probably from Kalki Purana that mentioned about Malai Land or Mountainous Land but most researchers believe it was actually about Maldives. 
4. An earliest record of the Malay name is about a Malay Kingdom that existed since the 4th century AD in the North Sumatra, known as Moloyu. 
5. Marco Polo's account mentioned a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula as Malauir. 
6. Srivijaya was the first Malay Empire founded in the Malay Archipelago (Yaapar, 2014)
7. Among the earliest Malay Sultanate that existed on the Peninsula is the Sultanate of Kedah. 

ANCIENT KEDAH

1. Ancient Kedah existed long before the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate in the 13th century. 
2. Tamil literature Sillapadikaram and Pattinapalai are the first type of Indian written records concerning the Ancient Kedah. 
3. Sillapadikaram one of the Tamil epics has been dated around 2nd to 3rd century AD, during the Sanggam age. It is stated that Malay Archipelago has already established trading network with the Southern India. 
4. Pattinapalai has been dated around 190-200 AD, it is stated that goods from Kazhagam are being traded in Puhar or in Kaveripattinam. The term Kazhagam refers to Ancient Kedah (Nilakanta Sastri 1975). 
5. Parunkhatai another Tamil epics dated in 10th century AD had mentioned Ancient Kedah as Kataraththu Irumpu denotes "irons came from Kataram"  which refers to Ancient Kedah (Zuliskandar et al 2017). 
6. Kedah Tua name was mentioned early in Sanskrit literary works such as the famous Kathasaritsagara (Ocean of Stories). The record was compiled by Brahman Somadeva around the year 1070 AD. Ancient Kedah was mentioned several times using the name Kataha Dvipa (Wheatley 1961). 
7. A Sanskrit drama in 8th century AD, the Kaudimahotsava also mentiones Ancient Kedah using the term Katahanagara. It is stated that Ancient Kedah is a famous city-port and has been continuosly visited by Indian Traders. 
8. The Malays also had strong commercial ties with India. Through the recent findings by Universiti Sains Malaysia's Global Archaeological Research Centre (GARC), it should has started at least approximately 1,900 years ago, involving the Kingdom of Kedah Tua which was known as Kadaram to ancient Indians, Kalaha to ancient Arabs and Cheh-Cha to ancient Chinese. 
9. The Malays also had strong commercial ties with India. Through the recent findings by Universiti Sains Malaysia's Global Archaeological Research Centre (GARC), it should has started at least approximately 1,900 years ago, involving the Kingdom of Kedah Tua which was known as Kadaram to ancient Indians, Kalaha to ancient Arabs and Cheh-Cha to ancient Chinese.
10. Written records from Chinese sources > one records regarding Ancient Kedah came from the travel Journal  made by I Ching who has travelled from China to India and back, and had also stayed in Srivijaya for a while during the 7th century AD. In 671 AD I Ching stops in Chieh-cha (Ancient Kedah) before continuing journey to Nalanda in India. On his way back from Nalanda in 685 AD he again stopped in Kedah and reported that Kedah was then a vassal of Srivijaya together with Malayu (Jambi). 
11. Another important Chinese record in 638 AD stated that Chieh-cha (Ancient Kedah) has sent their diplomatic mission to the Chinese court (Manguin 2022). This Chieh-cha is the same as the Chieh-cha that I Ching visited during his time in this region, and the Chinese classified the polity as a guo (state) (Wheatley 1961; Zuliskandar & Nik Hassan Shuhaimi 2012: 100).
12. From the Arab-Persian records, Ancient Kedah was known as Kalah or Kalah-bar. Abu Dulaf Misa'r stated that Kalah was a large Kingdom surrounded by walls, flower gardens, water resources facilities market and houses with a large population (Braddell 1950). 
13. Other Arabic record such as the Akhbar as-Sin wa'l-Hind has also stated that al-Zabaj or the Srivijaya has dominated the polity of Kalah-bar (Zuliskandar & Nik Hassan Shuhaimi 2008). 
14. Ancient Kedah was also recorded by Al-Idrisi, an Arab traveller and geographer in his book Ar-Rujjar (1154 AD). 
15. The Buddhagupta Inscription of Bujang Valley, one of the oldest inscriptions of the Southeast Asia, marked the period of the existence of Ancient Kedah as an early polity. 

MALAY CIVILISATION, NAVIGATION AND MARITIME TRADE

1. Historian indicates that in the 1st century C.E, vast fleets of Malay outrigger ship went back and forth to Aden in the Middle East,and some Malays even settled there. (Shaffer, 1996 pp. 16). 
2. The Indian literature in B.C.E to praise the Malay sailors as the speedy sailor. 
3. The name "Kunlun" has been noted down in Nanchouiwuchih by Wan Zhen , a well-known Chinese historian of the 3rd century. The Malays were highlighted for their navigational skills and trading abilities. They were great ship builders, sailors and traders. They built and sailed large vessels known as "Kunlun-po" (Malay ship), measuring 200 ft long , 20 ft high above water, with 4 sails, cargos of 900 tons, and 600-700 people (Wang, 1968).
4. According to Lynda N. Shaffer (1996, p. 12) by at least the 3rd century B.C.E, the Chinese had witnessed Malay sailors and traders approaching their shores in a huge ocean-going vessels (Kunlun-po, colandiophonta) from the so-called Kunlun Islands in the southern seas. 
5. The Malay sailors were highly skilled navigators, sailing over the oceans for thousand of miles without a compass or a written chart. They navigated by the winds and the stars, by the shape and colour of the clouds, by the colour of the water, and by swell and wave patterns on the ocean’s surface. They could locate an island when they were still like 30 miles from its shores by analysing the behavior of various birds, the animal and the plant life in the water, and the patterns of swell and waves. (Shaffer, 1996 pp. 11-12, Taylor, 1976) 
6. According to historian, the Kunlun were great ship builders, sailors and traders. They built and sailed large vessels known as "Kunlun-po" (Malay ship) measuring 200 feet long, 20 ft high above water with 4 sails, cargos of 900 tons and 600-700 people. (Wang, 1968). 
7. The Malays were among the first people to be involved in giant-size shipbuilding, advanced navigation and long distance maritime trafe. 
8. By 3rd century B.C.E the Chinese had taken notice of the Malay sailors approaching their shores from the Kunlun Islands. (Taylor, 1976). 
9. Malay sailors were also the first to use the balance-lug sail for their Jongs and ghalis (galleys). 
10. Third century C.E Chinese descriptions of the foreign vessels indicate that they were of type of called Jong by the Malays,  a local term later adopted by European languages as Junk. (Manguin, 1980 / Shaffer, 1996). 
11. The Chinese also knew these islanders (the Malays) as builders and crew of ocean-going vessels engaged in long-distance overseas trade. The Chinese, in fact, appear to have learnt much from these sailors. The Malays independently invented a sail, made from woven mats reinforced with bamboo at least several hundred years BCE and by the time of Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 221 BC) the Chinese were using  such sails. (Shaffer, 1996 PP 11-12, Johnstone, 1980).
12. The Southeast Asian sailors have been important actors in world history. Long before the Portuguese arrived in Asian's waters, sailors from East Africa to East Asia has already been drawn to Southeast Asian Ports. (M.E. Shaffe, 1996)
13. The Malays independently invented a sail, made from woven mats reinforced with bamboo, at least several hundred years B.C.E., and by the time of the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 221 B.C.) the Chinese were using such sails (Shaffer, 1996, pp. 11-12).
14. Researchers believed it has been quite long as Spice Route already exist 5000 years ago and camphor (kapur barus) from Nusantara being used in mummification at least since 3000 years ago. 
15. According to the Portuguese chronicler, Tom Pires, in his Suma Oriental of 1515, in Canton, the vessel of Malacca were usually asked to anchor far from the harbour, because of their big size could be dangerous to Chinese ships which were mostly smaller. In fact, Malacca's ghalis  and jongs were also bigger compared to the Portuguese galleon. 
16. According to Dato' Goh Hin San, Yi-Jing, the Buddhist Monk who spend quite sometime in Kedah wrote that iron was part of trade item in Kedah Port, or Chieh-Cha, as what was the Chinese called, where they do not have the syllable 'Ke' and 'dah'. 
17. Iron from Kedah was recorded in Indian Poem 2nd century AD and in Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin official log as one of export commodity. 
18. USM's finding at the Sungai Batu Archaelogical Sites in Bujang Valley, Kedah from 2009 confirm vibrant iron smelting and other mettalurgical activities as well as Maritime trading activities in the vicinity back to 4th century B.C.E. 
19. Prof Mokhtar Saidin said that in recent study of Roman road construction, some of the iron that used for the reinforcement came from Kedah. 
20. The Malay Maritime trade was revived much later with the establishment of the Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. Malacca became an International  Maritime Trading Centre. For centuries, Malacca hosted 2,000 ships each day. Tom Pires made it clear to his readers that, "Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice" (Ludher, 2015). 
21. 3rd or 4th century AD, Chih Tu Kingdom sent "Long-nao xiang"  which is a very quality camphor (Kapur Barus) sent to China Emperor Court. Chih Tuh located at Malay Peninsula. 
22. 5th and 6th century AD, Chinese traders mentioned P'o-lu perfume of Lang-ya-hsiu (Langkasuka). While in 7th century, camphor was found during Arab invasion in Ctesophon (Middle East) as told by Ibn al-Attir.
23. I-Tsing mentioned about P'olu-shih (Camphor perfume), camphor is one of precious item exported by Srivijaya Kingdom. 
24. In 9th century AD, the book "Ajai'ib al-Hind" mentioned a place named Fansur. Fansur is a port that camphor come from as mentioned in a book named "Akhbar al-Sind wal Hind" (851 AD).
25. In discussing Chinese Maritime Commerce and shipping during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 221 BC), Hill (2004) for example, points out that > Roman and Arab ships dominated the Egypt to India trade, but most of the trade between India and China was carried by Malay, Indonesian and Indian ships.  

Reference :

1. Braddell, Roland. 1989. A Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malacca and Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS. 
2. J.de.G. Casparis (1956) > Prasasti Indonesia II: Selected Inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th Century A.D. Bandung: Dinas Purbakala R.I. & Masa Baru.
3. J.de.G. Casparis (1975)  Indonesian Paleography : a History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginning to c AD 1500. Leiden: E.J. Brill 
4. Herman Kulke 1993 >  Kadātuan Śrīvijaya"-Empire or Kraton of Śrīvijaya? A Reassessment of the Epigraphical Evidence. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 80(1): 159-180. 
5. A. Lamb (1966) > Old Middle Eastern Glass in the Malay Peninsula. In. Ba shin, J. Boisselier and A.B. Griswold (eds.). Essays Offered to G.H. Luce. Ascona: Artibus Asiae. 
6. Leong Sau Heng (1973) > A Study of Ceramic Deposits from Pengkalan Bujang, Kedah. Master Thesis, Universiti Malaya. 
7. Leong Sau Heng (1990) > Collecting Centres, Feeder Points and Entrepots in the Malay Peninsula, 1000 B.C – A.D 1400. In Kathirithamby, Wells and Villiers, J. (eds.). The Southeast Asia Port and Polity, Rise and Demise, pp. 17-38. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 
8. Pierre-Yves Manguin (2022a) >  Early States Of Insular Southeast Asia. In. C.F.W. Higham & Nam C. Kim. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of: Early Southeast Asia, pp. 765-790. New York: Oxford University Press. 
9. Pierre-Yves Manguin (2022b) >  Srivijaya. In. Higham C.F.W. & Nam C. Kim (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of: Early Southeast Asia, pp. 791-818. New York: Oxford University Press. 
10. Mohd Shamsul Bahari Abd Hadi, Zuliskandar Ramli, Muhammad Nu’man Mohd Nasir, Junko Mori. 2018. The Application of Digital Reconstruction in the Documentation and Interpretation of Candi Kampung Baru, Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7 (3.9): 52-54.
11. Junko Mori (2020) > Kepelbagaian Jenis Seramik Asing di Tapak Candi Kampung Baru, Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah . Master Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 
12. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd. Rahman. 1979. Srivijaya: Satu tinjauan tentang organisasi sosial dan pentadbiran. Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies 9: 166-172. 
13. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman & Othman Mohd Yatim. 1992. Warisan Lembah Bujang. Bangi: Ikatan Ahli Arkeologi Malaysia. 
14. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman. 1984. Art, archaeology and the early kingdom in Malay Peninsula and sumatra: c400-1400 AD, PhD Thesis, University of London. 
15. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman. 2008. Archaelogical Evidences of Early Settlements in the Malay Peninsula. Proceedings of International Conference on Human Habitat and Environmental Change, pp. 15-22.
16. Nilakanta Sastri. 1949. History of Srivijaya. Chennai: University of Madras.
17. Nilakantha Sastri. 1975. The Colas. Madras: The University of Madras.
18. Nuratikah Abu Bakar. 2020. Pensejarahan Dan Sintesis Tapak Arkeologi Sungai Mas (Tapak 32/34). Master Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
19. J.Takakusu.1896 >  A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671-695, by I-tsing. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
20. H.G.Q Wales (1940) >  Archaeological research on ancient Indian colonization in Malaya. JMBRAS 18(1): 1-85. 
21. P.Wheatley. 1961. The Golden Khersonese. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 
22. O.W. Wolters.1967. Early Indonesia Commerce: A Study of Origins of Srivijaya. New York: Cornell University Press. 
23. O.W.Wolters.1970. The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 
24. Zuliskandar Ramli & Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman. 2012. Zaman Proto-Sejarah di Malaysia: Satu Pengenalan. Bangi: Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA, UKM). 
25. Zuliskandar Ramli, Nasha Rodziadi Khaw & Muhammad Nu’man Mohd Nasir. 2017. Kedah Tua Dari Kurun Ke-2 Hingga Ke-14 Masihi: Kronologi Sejarah Dan Peralihan Budaya. Prosiding Seminar Antarabangsa Ke-10 Ekologi, Habitat Manusia dan Perubahan Persekitaran Di Alam Melayu, pp. 391-416.
26. Zuliskandar Ramli, Nur Qahirah Abdul Rahman, Azimah Hussin, Sharifah Nur Izzati Sayed Hasan, Azharudin Mohamed Dali. 2017. Compositional Analysis ff Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing dnd Santubong Glass Beads. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 17(2): 117-129. Muhammad Nu’man Mohd Nasir & 87 Zuliskandar Ramli 
27. Zuliskandar Ramli. 2014. Discovery and Research of Various Types of Beads in Bujang Valley, Kedah. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 9(12): 912-923. 

Updated by Hj. Zulheimy Maamor

Date: 20 Oktober 2023 : 8.47 pm

NOTA : ALAM MELAYU - ASAL USUL, BAHASA DSB

DISUSUN OLEH : HJ ZULHEIMY MAAMOR

Istilah 'MELAYU' ditakrifkan oleh UNESCO pada tahun 1972 sebagai suku bangsa Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Filipina dan Madagaskar. 

Dari segi Etimologi, perkataan 'MELAYU' itu dikatakan berasal dari perkataan Sanskrit 'Malaya' yang bermaksud bukit. Melayu adalah merujuk kepada kumpulan etnik dari bangsa Austronesia. 

Bahasa Melayu ialah sejenis bahasa Malayo-Polynesian dibawah keluarga bahasa Austronesian digunakan di Malaysia dan Indonesia melebihi 1,000 tahun yang lalu. Istilah Austronesia membawa pengertian Pulau-Pulau Selatan telah diperkenalkan oleh P.W. Schmidt manakalan istilah Malayo-Polynesia digunakan oleh Wilhem von Humboldt. 

Adriaan Reland : seorang ilmuwan dari Belanda pada tahun 1706, antara orang pertama yang melihat ada persamaan antara bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Kepulauan Melayu dengan orang-orang di Lautan Pasifik. 

Al-Qazwini : ahli Geographi mengenai Tanah Melayu "Itulah negara di pesisir pantai yang menghadap laut China, yang terletak selepas negara India. Pada zaman kita ini tidak dapatlah para pedagang yang bertolak dari negara China melainkan mesti melalui negara ini. Disebabkan melalui jalan selain negara ini (laluan sutera) di negara China menyusahkan kerana jauh jaraknya dan berbeza agamanya.”

Albert S. Bickmore : "Travels in the East Indian Archipelago" > beliau mencatatkan mengenai 2 buah gunung yang dikenali sebagai Mount Ophir, satunya di Palembang, manakala satu lagi terletak 40 batu di Utara Melaka, dikenali sebagai Gunung Ledang. 

Alexei Butakov:  Pegawai Tentera Laut Rusia antara orang Rusia terawal menjejak kaki ke Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1840. Antara catatan beliau mengenai orang Melayu ialah  : "Malays have more noble qualities, they are loyal, true to their word." "The wealth of its natural produce may well rank Penang among the richest islands of the world."

Arthur Edward Powell : dalam bukunya "The Solar System" bab 35 bahawa akar bangsa ke-4 Lemuria merupakan Malayan Brown yang membawa maksud rumpun Melayu atau nama saintifiknya Austronesian-Polynesian. Akar ke-4 ini digelar Atlanteans.

Davisakd Puaksom : menulis untuk tesisnya di National University of Singapore bahawa beliau telah menemui banyak bukti mengejutkan tentang pengaruh bahasa Melayu sebagai Lingua Franca didalam Istana Ayutthaya. 

Dr. Stephen Oppenheimer dalam bukunya yang bertajuk 'Eden in the East, The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia' (1999), lagenda purba Kota Atlantis yang tenggelam akibat banjir besar itu adalah tinggalan Benua Melayu Sunda.

F.de Houtman: Pada awal 1603M, beliau membuktikan bahawa Madagaskar mempunyai persamaan dengan Bahasa Melayu. Seluruh kerabat bahasa Austronesia turut dikenali sebagai kerabat "Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia" hingga sekarang. 

Gorys Keraf : Dalam bukunya Linguistik Bandingan Historis (1984) mengemukakan Teori Leksikostatistik dan Teori Migrasi bagi mengkaji asal usul bahasa Melayu. 

Hadrian Reland: Sarjana Belanda yang pertama mengandaikan wujud persamaan antara Bahasa Melayu dari kawasan Madagaskar ke Jawa, Borneo, Maluku sehingga ke Timur pada tahun 1706. 

Hendrik Kern: mengemukakan teori bahawa kawasan bangsa Melayu adalah di Champa, Cochin-China dan Kemboja. Teori ini kemudian diikuti oleh R.O.Winstedt. 

Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) : the study conducted by HUGO in 2013 showed that the ancestors of the Malay people, the Semang and Senoi, migrated to the ancient Kingdom of Champa that is now located in parts of Vietnam and Cambodia. 

Ibnu Kathir dalam kitabnya 'Al-Kamil fil Tarikh', umat Nusantara termasuk Melayu (Bani Jawi) bersalasilah terus dengan Nabi Ibrahim a.s. melalui zuriatnya dari isteri ketiga bernama Keturah.  Dalam Kitab Perjanjian Lama ada disebut nama Keturah, isteri ketiga Nabi Ibrahim a.s. Perkataan Jawi dalam istilah Bani Jawi bererti yang meyakini Tuhan Yang Esa. 

J.H.C. Kern : Ahli fisiologi Belanda yang mendapati perkataan yang terdapat di Kepulauan Nusantara juga terdapat di Madagaskar, Filipina dan Taiwan. Bahasa Melayu adalah satu induk yang terdapat di Asia. 

J.R. Foster: Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Polinesia berasal dari Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia purba. 

J.R. Logan :  Terdapat persamaan antara adat resam kaum Melayu dengan adat resam kaum Naga di Assam (di daerah Burma dan Tibet).

James T. Collin: dalam buku "Bahasa Melayu Bahasa Dunia. Sejarah Singkat." (2011) Yayasan Pustaka Obor, Indonesia > Bahasa Melayu merupakan turunan bahasa Austronesia Purba yang digunakan di Kalimantan Barat sejak kurang lebih 2 juta tahun yang lalu. 

Jan Hugen Van Linschotten : Bangsa Belanda yang pernah tinggal di Indonesia dari 1586 - 1592 mencatatkan dalam bukunya bahawa Bahasa Melayu dianggap sebagai Bahasa yang paling dihormati antara bahasa-bahasa Negeri Timur. 

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach dalam kajian mengenai 5 bangsa utama dunia pada tahun 1779, dicatatkan bangsa Melayu adalah antara 5 bangsa utama dunia. 

K.A. Nilakanta Sastri dalam "The History of Srivijaya" (1940) menyatakan 4 buah inskripsi Melayu Klasik yang ditemui di Kedukan Bukit, Talang Tuwo, Karang Brahi dan di Kota Kapur adalah inskripsi bahasa Melayu yang paling tua dan rekod pengunaan bahasa tertua di dalam keluarga bahasa Malayo-Polinesia. 

K.G. Tregonning : dalam bukunya "Malaysian Historical Sources" (Singapore,1965) dan "The Encyclopedia Americana" (Edisi 8, 1963) menyatakan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu merupakan persinggahan terbaik perdagangan China-India.  

King Kalakaua (Hawaii) : In 1879 , he authored a bill in the Hawaiian Parliament - the first democratically elected national parliament in Austronesia - to formally declare Hawai'i as an Asiatic Malay State. He went around the world in 1881 visiting Japan, Malaya, China, Singapore, Thailand and India. 

L.C Damais  : Sejak dahulu lagi bahasa Melayu berperanan sebagai bahasa perantara utama atau Lingua Franca di Asia Tenggara amnya dan di Nusantara khasnya. 

Liang Liji (1996) > Hubungan antara China dan Alam Melayu sudah wujud sejak zaman Dinasti Han (140-117 S.M). 

M.W.Tweedie:  dalam bukunya "Pre-History" , mereka yang tinggal di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dikenali sebagai Negrito dan telah ada sejak 8000 S.M. 

Martianus Heraclea: Pencatat Yunani dalam "Periplus of the Erythrean Sea." > Kedudukan Semenanjung Emas (Tanah Melayu) terletak diantara benua India dan China. 

Mikhail Venyukov : "An Essay on the contemporary state of British dominions in Asia." (1875) > beliau menganggap pegawai-pegawai kolonial British sebagai angkuh dan suka mengeksploitasi sebuah bangsa yang pernah mencapai keagungannya satu masa dahulu. Venyukov turut menyifatkan orang Melayu diperlakukan seperti bangsa bawahan dan sentiasa dimalukan penjajah secara sistematik.

Mpu Prapanca penyair Jawa di Kraton Majapahit dalam karyanya 'Desawarnama' pada tahun 1365M telah menyenaraikan daerah-daerah yang dikenalpasti daerah-daerah Melayu seperti Jambi, Palembang, Siak, Minangkabau, Kampar,Rokan, Kedah, Langkasuka, Kelantan, Pahang dsb. 

Melayu adalah pembina tamadun awal di Asia Tenggara - The Patriots

Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay : Saintis Rusia yang melawat Tanah Melayu sekitar 1874-1875 > Banyak maklumat yang dikumpul beliau semasa di Tanah Melayu termasuk beberapa dialek puak-puak yang dikatakan hampir pupus dan maklumat ini diterbitkan pada tahun 1941. 

Nik Safiah Karim : Istilah 'Melayu' merujuk kepada Kerajaan atau kawasan dikesan pada 100 - 150 S.M. 

O.W. Wolters menulis dalam bukunya 'Early Indonesian Commerce: The Origins of Srivijaya' bahawa Semenanjung Tanah Melayu telah ada dalam pengetahuan orang-orang Yunani pada kurun pertama Masehi lagi. 

P.W. Schmidt: Membuat kajian struktur ayat dan perbendaharaan kata Bahasa Champa dan Mon-Khmer. 

Perlembagaan Malaysia :  Perkara 160 (2) > "Melayu" merujuk kepada seseorang yang berketurunan Melayu, ataupun seseorang yang menganut agama Islam , mengamalkan adat istiadat Melayu, bertutur bahasa Melayu, lahir sebelum hari Merdeka sama ada di Persekutuan Tanah Melayu atau di Singapura atau pada hari Merdeka, dia bermastautin di Persekutuan atau di Singapura. 

Prasasti Dong Yen Chau rekod bertulis terawal Bahasa Melayu ialah seawal abad ke-4 Masehi melalui Tamadun Melayu Champa. 

Pemakaian Bahasa Melayu dikesan pada beberapa Prasasti abad ke-7 Masehi, yang berkaitan dengan Melayu Srivijaya. Antaranya :

• Prasasti Kedukan Bukit - 682M
• Prasasti Talang Tuwo - 684M
• Prasasti Kota Kapur (Bangka) - 686M
• Prasasti Telaga Batu abad 7 M

Prof. Arysio N. Dos Santos, Pensyarah University of Campinas Sao Paolo bersama Dr. Stephen Oppenheimer turut menamakan Benua Pentas Sunda sebagai 'The Lost Continent of Atlantis' seperti yang digambarkan oleh Ahli Falsafah Greek Plato dalam 'Timaeus and Critias'. 

Rekod terawal mengenai 'Nanhai Trade' antara China dan Tanah Melayu sudah wujud sejak 140SM lagi seperti yang tercatat dalam Han-Shu. 

R.H. Geldern & J.H.C Kern : bangsa Melayu berasal dari Asia Tengah. 

R.H. Geldern: Ahli pra-Sejarah dan pengetua di Iranian Institute and School for Asiatic Studies yang menemui kapak tua dari Asia Tengah dan Gendang Dongson di Utara Vietnam.

Robert Blust dalam 'Model of History of the Austronesian Language Family' menyatakan bahawa Bahasa Austronesia termasuk dalam Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia berasal dari Taiwan (Theory Out of Taiwan). 

Snouk Hurgronje:  mengemukakan Teori The Greater India, menggambarkan keseluruhan pemikiran, kebudayaan dan Tamadun Melayu adalah sebahagian dari proses ketamadunan India yang beragama Hindu-Buddha. 

Sumio Fukami yang telah mengkaji catatan Chima Shiji Text dan Hanshu Text mendapati bahawa Kapur Barus (Camphor) dari Asia Tenggara sudah masyhur di Guangzhou seawal abad ke-2 S.M. atau lebih awal lagi. Malahan Pulau Pisang dibahagian Selatan Selat Melaka dirakam dalam catatan Dinasti Han pada tahun 111 SM. 

Teori Antropologi mengatakan bahawa bangsa Melayu berasal dari percampuran 2 bangsa iaitu :

• Proto Malay : Ras Mongoloid berhijrah ke Nusantara sekitar 2500-1500 SM, kemungkinan berasal dari Yunnan di Selatan China, New Guinea atau Kepulauan Taiwan. 
• Deutro Malay : berasal dari Dataran Asia Tengah dan Selatan yang datang ke Nusantara sekitar tahun 300 SM. 

The London Quaterly Review jilid 86-87 (1850) : menyatakan mengenai emas di Gunung Ledang (Mount Ophir) . 

"In truth, as Solomon’s ships, which brought back this gold,were absent so long, there seems to be good reason for believing that his Ophir may have been in the Malayan peninsula or adjacent countries, crystalline and granitic, which still furnish a considerable amount of gold" 

Nama Mount Ophir (Gunung Ledang) disebut dalam kitab Injil Hebrew Versi Raja James (King James Version) Book of Job 28:16 : "It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious Onyx or the Sapphire"

Tom Pires dalam 'Suma Oriental' adalah merupakan catatan Eropah pertama yang ada menulis mengenai Orang Laut, yang juga dikenali sebagai Orang Seletar (Celates), salah satu sub-etnik Melayu Asli. 

UNESCO: Pada 1972 UNESCO mentakrifkan Melayu sebagai suku bangsa Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Filipina dan Madagaskar. 

Wei Djao: dalam "Being Chinese - Voices from the Diaspora" (2003) > Kewujudan cengkerang dan tulang tapir dari Semenajung Tanah Melayu dijumpai di Makam Maharaja Wuding zaman Dinasti Shang (1328 - 1263 SM) .

William Marsden: Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Polinesia, Melanesia dan Mikronesia merupakan bahasa yang serumpun. 

William Schmidt: memperkenal istilah 'Austronesia' dan 'Austroasiatic' mengemukakan hipotesis bahawa 2 keluarga bahasa ini berkemungkinan berada dalam kumpulan yang lebih besar iaitu BAHASA AUSTRIC. 

William von Humboldt: alam kajiannya mendapati bahawa bahasa Melayu (terutama bahasa Jawa) telah banyak menyerap bahasa Sanskrit yang berasal dari India. 

Xian Zhong Shu Lu : 

• Jilid 59 : Melaka mengutus Menter Ba La Si dan jurubahasa Wu Sha menghadap Maharaja China pada 1468.
• Jilid 65 : Raja Melaka Sultan Mansur Syah mengutus Duan Ya Ma La Di Na Cha dan pendampingnya seramai 12 orang menghadap dan menyerahkan barang ufti kepada Maharaja China pada tahu 1469. 

Zaharah Sulaiman: Masyarakat orang Asli Semang dan Senoi yang mendiami Benua Sunda (Asia Tenggara) merupakan nenek moyang kepada populasi Melayu Proto dan kaum Melayu pada hari ini. 

TEORI ASAL USUL MELAYU

• Asmah Hj Omar : menyatakan bahawa lokasi bahasa Proto-Austronesia terletak di Dataran China yang dikenali sebagai Yunan. 
• Eusibio Dizon : Menyokong "Theory of Taiwan" oleh Peter Bellwood dan menjelaskan orang Melayu keluar dari Taiwan sejak 6,000 tahun lalu. 
• Habib Abdullah Bin Abu Bakar al-Hadad:  Kitab Sejarah Keturunan Raja-Raja Bugis : mengesahkan bahawa nasab keturunan rumpun Melayu Bugis adalah hasil perkahwinan Nabi Sulaiman a.s. dengan Ratu Balqis.
• Issobel Dyen : "Theory Out of New Guinea" (1965) > Pelopor "Theory Out of New Guinea" pada 1965, teori asal usul bangsa Melayu dari New Guinea. 
• P.Sarasin & S.Sarasin mengemukakan hipotesis asal usul Melayu dari Tanah Besar Asia atau Asia Tengah dan disokong oleh R.H. Geldern pada tahun 1932. 
• Peter Bellwood: 
  • "Theory out of Taiwan" (1997) dalam bukunya "The Austronesian"  > Orang Melayu berhijrah dari Taiwan, teori ini turut dikenali dengan nama "Teori Keretapi Ekspress ke Polinesia".
  • Telah wujud sebuah tamadun di pesisir pantai Vietnam iaitu Tamadun Sa Huynh sekitar 1000SM sehingga 100SM (M.A.Ishak, 2009) yang merupakan permulaan kepada tamadun Melayu Champa. 
• Prof. Ralph Olssen dalam "Book of Mormon" telah menyatakan bahawa ibu segala keturunan Manasseh adalah orang Melayu di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Manasseh adalah salah seorang dari 2 anak Nabi Yusuf a.s.  iaitu Manasseh dan Ephraim .
• Raymond Kent menyatakan bahawa berkemungkinan besar memang wujud Bangsa Zanj yang merupakan percampuran darah diantara suku-suku tempatan Afrika dengan orang-orang Nusantara. 
• Robert Dick Read menyatakan bahawa Bangsa Zanj yang sering disebut oleh pengembara Arab dalam catatan mereka di Afrikat Timur adalah bangsa Nusantara. 
• Sultan Takdir Alisjahbana menyatakan bahawa Bangsa Selatan Thailand, Malaysia, Singapura, Indonesia, Brunei dan Selatan Filipina berasal dari rumpun bangsa yang satu.
• Teks Melayu Tertua adalah Inskripsi "Batu Bersurat Kedudukan Bukit" tahun 682M dijumpai di Palembang oleh M.Batnburg pada 29 November 1920. 
• Teori Pentas Sunda: digunakan oleh Anthony Reid untuk menentukan kawasan geografi Alam Melayu. 
• Theory Out of New Guinea : diterbitkan pada 1965. 
• Theory out of Nusantara: J. Crawfurd, K. Himly, Sultan Takdir Alishahbana & Gorys Keraf > Orang Melayu tidak berasal dari mana-mana berasal dan berkembang di Nusantara. 'Nusantara' berasal dari perkataan 'Nusa' dan 'Antara' yang bermaksud satu benua terdiri dari pulau-pulau. 
• Theory Out of Sundaland : Dr. Stephen Oppenheimer - berdasarkan analisis DNA, arkeologi dan etnologi, Asia Tenggara adalah pusat awal peradaban dunia yang dinamakan Sundaland sekitar 16,000 tahun yang lalu. 
• Theory Out of Taiwan (1997) : Peter Bellwood - berdasarkan penyelidikan bahasa Austronesia oleh Pakar Linguistik Amerika Syarikat Robert Blust. Menurut beliau bahasa Austronesia termasuk dalam bahasa Malayo-Polynesia berasal dari Taiwan. Teori beliau ini juga dikenali dengan 'Teori Keretapi Ekspress ke Polinesia'. 
• Theory Out of Yunan (1889) : Hendrik Kern & Robert von Heine Geldern > kelompok manusia yang berasal dari daerah Yunnan di China telah berhijrah dan menduduki Asia Tenggara.Teori ini disokong oleh R.H Gelden, J.H.C Kern, J.R. Logen, Slametmuljana & Asmah Hj Omar.  Teori ini disangkal dari hasil Kajian UKM yang mengesahkan rumpun Melayu adalah penduduk asal Tanah Melayu sejak lebih 40,000 tahun yang lalu. 
• The Seafarers Theory : diterbitkan pada 1965. 
• Teori Wallace Line (1859): hasil kajian Alfred Russel Wallace terhadap kepelbagaian spesies flora dan fauna di Nusantara. 
• Teori Linguistik: menentukan keberadaan dan liputan kawasan alam Melayu menggunakan indikator bahasa yang digunakan. Sebanyak 1,200 varian bahasa Malayo-Polynesia digunakan di segenap kawasan Malayo-Polynesia atau Austronesia ini. 
• Van Rongkel > orang Melayu berasal dari Asia Tenggara dan tergolong dalam kumpulan bangsa dan bahasa Austronesia atau Malaya-Polinesia.
• W. Eliotscot  : dalam bukunya "The Story of Atlantis and The Lost Lemuria" > Lemuria wujud di wilayah Nusantara. 
• William Solheim: dalam "Theory out of Island Origin" :
  • Induk bahasa Austronesia adalah di kawasan pesisir Pantai Vietnam.
  • Percaya bahawa kronologi pembentukan kaum Proto – Austronesian bermula di Champa dan Semenanjung Malaysia.
  • Menggunakan istilah “Nusantao” (Orang di Kepulauan di Melayu Nusantara), dan mengklasifikasi mereka moyang asli orang Asia Tenggara. 

ISTILAH MELAYU DARI CATATAN LUAR

• Catatan Dinasti Yuan (1271-1368M) dan Dinasti Ming (1368-1644M) perkataan 'Ma-La-Yu' terdapat dalam teks-teks sejarah China. Panggilan Melayu berbeza-beza mengikut zaman setiap Dinasti seperti Bok-la-yu, Mok-la-yu, Ma-li-ye-er dan Oo-la-yu.
• Catatan Dinasti Yuan terdapat istilah Ma-li-yu-er merujuk sebuah Kerajaan di Tanah Melayu yang menghadapi ancaman Kerajaan Sukhotai
• Catatan Ibnu Yusuf dalam Kitab 'Permata Yang Hilang' ada kemungkinan nama Melayu berasal dari perkataan 'Malai-Ur' sempena nama Kerajaan Chaldea tempat asal Nabi Ibrahim a.s. 
• "Catatan Perjalanan Marco Polo" > beliau membuat rujukan kepada sebuah kerajaan bernama "Malauir" di Pulau Sumatera. 
• G.E. Gerini:  menganggap istilah "Meleu-Kolon" oleh Ptolemy berasal dari perkataan Sanskrit iaitu "Malayakom" atau "Malaikurram" yang merujuk kepada Tanjung Kuantan. 
• Istilah 'Bhumi Malayu' terukir di Prasasti Padang Roco bertarikh 1286M merujuk kerajaan Dharmasraya. 
• Istilah 'Malayur' tercatat di Tembok Selatan Kuil Brihadeeswarar di Tamil Naidu, India. Ia dinyatakan sebuah kerajaan dari Semenanjung Tanah Melayu yang jatuh ke tangan Rajendra Chola adad ke-11 Masehi. 
• Istilah 'Melayu' muncul pertama kali kira-kira 100-150M dalam karya Ptolemy bertajuk 'Geographike Sintaxis'  yang menggunakan istilah 'Meleu-Kolon' (Teluk Melayu). G.E. Gerini menganggap istilah itu berasal dari perkataan Sanskrit iaitu 'Malayakom' atau Malaikurram yang merujuk kepada Tanjung Kuantan. Manakala  Roland Bradell menganggap tempat itu merujuk kepada Tanjung Penyabung. 
• Istilah 'Mo-lo-yu' disebut oleh I-Tsing pengembara China dan Sami Buddha dari Dinasti Tang yang melawat Asia Tenggara sekitar 688-695M. Catatan China juga mengatakan bahawa terdapat 30 buah Negara kota Melayu berdiri sepanjang Tanah Melayu. 
• Inskripsi Cola : Abad ke 11 Masihi berkaitan dengan serangan Cola ke atas Kepulauan Melayu disebut nama Malaiyar. 
• Inskripsi Madigiriya : diukir oleh Mahinda VI Raja Kerajaan Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka > memuji Raja Srivijaya yang membebaskan Sri Lanka dari Raja Chola. 
• Kun-lun > Orang Melayu juga pernah dirujuk sebagai "Kun-lun" dalam beberapa catatan China. Pada 750M, Jianzhen (688-765) menyatakan kehadiran ramai orang Brahmin, Parsi dan Kunlun di Guangzhou.
• Malayapura tersebut dalam Inskripsi Amoghapasa bertarikh 1347M secara literal bermaksud "Kota Melayu"
• Martianus Heraclea, seorang pencatat Yunani didalam "Periplus of the Erythrean Sea", kedudukan 'Semenanjung Emas' (Tanah Melayu) terletak diantara benua India dan China. 
• Ramayana > dalam epik Ramayana ada disebut Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold) dan Suvarnadvipa (The Golden Island or Peninsula) MalayDvipa yang bererti Pulau atau Semenanjung Melayu. merujuk Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.
• Robert Dick Read: Bangsa Zanj yang sering disebut oleh pengembara Arab dalam catatan mereka di Afrika Timur adalah bangsa Nusantara. 
• Roland Bradell (Dato' Sir) : 
  • menganggap istilah 'Meleu-kolon' yang dinyatakan oleh Ptolemy merujuk kepada Tanjung Penyabung. 
  • Beliau juga menegaskan kepentingan Funan dalam kajian berkaitan Srivijaya. 
• Rounsevelle Wildman seorang penulis terkenal Amerika Syarikat telah menemui sekeping logam di tebing Sungai Gemih pada tahun 1894, apabila dikeluarkan didapati mengandungi emas. 
• Semenanjung Emas (Bahasa Greek: Chersonesus Aurea; Khersonese Emas) ialah nama lama yang digunakan untuk merujuk Semenanjung Tanah Melayu oleh Claudius Ptolemy, seorang tokoh Yunani. . 
• Valery Yakovlevish Bryusov : Russian poet in the "Malay Song" written in 1909 one can easily spot numerous references to islands of Malay Archipelago such as scent of Chempaka flowers, figs, bananas, pandan, coconuts, a paddy fields, tigers in the jungle and white waves in the sea.
• Van Rongkel:  Orang Melayu berasal dari Asia Tenggara dan tergolong ke dalam kumpulan bangsa dan bahasa Austronesian atau Malayo-Polinesian. 
• Vayu Purana sebuah Kitab Hindu dalam Bab 48 yang ditulis pada zaman Gautama Buddha terdapat perkataan Malay Dvipa yang merujuk kepada Tanah Melayu. 
• Xuanzang : Sami Buddha dari China yang mencatatkan nama sebuah tempat bernama Mok-La-Yu dipertengahan perjalanannya ke India. 
• Zakaria Ali : Dalam "Islamic Art in Southeast Asia 830 A.D - 1570 A.D Halaman 189-204 menyatakan bahawa Kedah Tua begitu masyur di kalangan pedangang Arab sebagai tempat membuat pedang yang berkualiti di mana mereka memanggilnya sebagai Pegang Qala'i.    

RUJUKAN: 

1. BIBLIOGRAFI - ALAM MELAYU, BAHASA, TAMADUN DAN SEBAGAINYA.
2. RUJUKAN KAJIAN & CATATAN MENGENAI MELAYU : BAHASA, BANGSA, TAMADUN DLL..
3. TRACING THE MALAYS IN THE MALAY LAND
4. Abdullah Sidek : Membongkar Misteri Bangsa Melayu: Perihal Melayu yang perlu kita Tahu - Hijaz Records Publishing, 2020. 
5. Alan Teh Leam Seng : Old-New History of Ancient Kedah - New Straits Times,2017.
6. Farahana Shuhaimi : Tasjil Anis Salatin: Rahsia Agung Melaka - Patriots Publication, 2018. 
7. Hadi Fayyadh : The Last Kingdom: Skyfall & Ghost Protocol - Hadi Fayyadh Production Sdn Bhd, 2018. 
8. Hasanuddin Yusof : Teknologi Kesultanan Melaka: Membongkar Keagungannya Berdasarkan Catatan Portugis - Penerbitan Alami Sdn Bhd, 2017.
9. Hasanuddin Yusof : Menjejak Hubungan Daulah Uthmaniyah  & Kesultanan Melaka - Penerbitan Alami Sdn Bhd, 2018. 
10. Prof. Dr. Hashim Musa & Dr. Rohaidah Kamarudin : Hang Tuah - Catatan Okinawa - Penerbitan UPM,Serdang, 2015.
11. Leonard Y. Andaya : The Search for the 'Origin' of Melayu > Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, , 32 (3) pp 315-330 October 2001 (NUS)
12. Lynda N. Shaffer: Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500 : London: M.E. Sharpe (1995)
13. Lynda N. Shaffer : Southernization : Journal of the World History Vol.6 (1994)
14. Datin Hjh Ruslaini Othman : Membongkar Misteri Hikayat Melayu : Antara Yang Tersurat dan Yang Tersirat - Hijaz Records Publishing (2018). 
15. Sarah Kamal : Misteri Kisah Lagenda Melayu - Hijaz Records Publishing (2021). 
16. Srikandi, Al-Semantani & Inbu-Rusydi : Membongkar Rahsia Dunia Melayu, Peribumi Asia Tenggara, Menjawab Kekeliruan Sejarah - HR Publishing (2015).
17. Srikandi : Baiduri Segala Permaisuri : Koleksi Catatan Cik Srikandi - Terkfaktab Media (2016).
18. Syed Mahadzir Syed Ibrahim: Misteri Tamadun Melayu Yang Hilang: Empayar Lemuria - Hijaz Records Publishing (2019). 
19. Syed Mahadzir Syed Ibrahim: Henry The Black, Panglima Awang : Pelayar Melayu Pertama Mengeliling Dunia - Hijaz Records Publishing (2020). 
20. Tun Suzana Tun Othman & Hasanuddin Yusof : Rahsia Penaklukan Melaka 1511 - Penerbitan Alami Sdn Bhd (2020)   
21. Liaw Yock Fang : Naskah Undang-Undang Melaka: Suatu Tinjauan, 2007. 

Hj Zulheimy Maamor

Lembah Keramat, Kuala Lumpur

18 September 2022 : 10.16 am