NOTA ILMU : AUSTRONESIAN

Resource: WIKIPEDIA

1. Adriaan Reland: the Dutch Scholar, the first to observed similarities between the languages spoken in the Malay Archipelago and by the people in the Pacific Ocean. The linguistic connections between Madagascar, Polynesian and Southeast Asia particularly the similarities between Malagasy, Malay dan Polynesian numerals were recognised early in the colonial era by European authors. 
2. Australasia: A region which comprises Australia and New Zealand and some neighbouring islands. 
3. Australoid: decsribing the tribes or populations of Native Australia which was introduced by Thomas Huxley in 1870. 
4. Australo-Melanesians : an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Melanesia and Australia.
5. Austric languages: a proposed language family that includes the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands and Madagascar, as well as Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic language spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. 
6. Austro-Tai languages: sometimes also Austro-Thai languages > a proposed language family that comprises the Austronesian languages and Kra-Dai languages. 
7. Austroasiatic languages: a large language family spoken throughout Mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in Vietnam and Cambodia, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal dan Southern China.
8. Austronesia : The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking people, including Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Maori, Malagasy, native Hawaiian, the Fijian language and around a thousand other languages. Austronesian is the second-largest language family in the world.
9. Austronesian Ancestry: is found throughout Indonesia. But where the inhabitants of the large western islands have strong genetic ties to the Southeast Asian mainland, the inhabitants of the islands east of Bali have very little.
10. Austronesian Diaspora: believed to have been initiated by the migration of the Lapita peoples from Taiwan around 5,500 years ago, who settled throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean just off the coast of East Africa. 
11. Austronesian Expansion: About 5,000 years ago, a major wave of migration from Taiwan, consisting of Austronesian-speaking people, began to spread through the Philippines and Indonesia. These skilled seafarers, who were ancestors of the Malays and other ethnic groups, perfected sophisticated sailing techniques and colonized vast areas of the Indo-Pacific, from Madagascar to Easter Island.
12. Austronesian language: a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan(by Taiwanese indigenous people).  Spoken by about 386 million people (4.9 % of the world population). The fifth largest language family by number of speakers. 
13. Austronesian Migration Theory: propounds on the expansion of a group of people called the Austronesians from Asia into the Pacific bymeans of Taiwan 6,000 years ago. A Theory proposed by Peter Bellwood a professor of Archaelogy. 
14. Austronesian Peoples : Austronesian speaking peoples, a large group of various peoples in Taiwan known as Taiwanese Indigenous people, Maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar. The name Austronesia comes from the Latin world 'Australis' meaning 'Southern' and 'Nesos' meaning 'Island'. The early Austronesian-speaking peoples were located on Taiwan dan the northern Philippines, specifically Luzon. 
15. Austronesian Sailors: were expert in Navitation using Monsoon winds, star constellation, bird migration pattern cloud shape and direction of waves. 
16. Cham Language: Vietnam is the homeland of many ethnicities including the Cham People. The Cham language is classified as the Austronesian language family.  > The Kingdom of Champa. 
17. Cornelis de Houtman: a Dutch explorer who observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago a century earlier in 1603. 
18. Dong Yen Chau Inscription: the oldest inscription in the Cham language dated to the mid 6th century AD, is the first attesttion of any Austronesian language. 
19. El Rabih Makki: In his book "Hamito-Semitic and Austronesian: Obvious Genetic Relatedness" Part 1. P. 37 > Proto-Austronesian, the parent language of all inherited Austronesian languages, is believed by some scholars to have been spoken around 6000 years ago.
20. Formosan Language: a language of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian language spoken outside Taiwan belong to the Malayo-Polynesian. 
21. Franz Bopp: the term "Malayo-Polynesian" was originally coined in 1841 by Franz Bopp as the name for the Austronesian language family as a whole. 
22. Fujian Ancestry: a major branch of the "Ancient Southern East Asians" (ASEA). They were first represented by an individual from the Qihe Cave in Fujian. Fujian/Austronesian ancestry is inferred to have expanded into Southeast Asia, speciafically onto the Taiwan and the Philippines between 10,000 to 7,000 years ago. 
23. Hawaiian language: belongs to the Austronesian group, seems to have dispersed from Taiwan 3000 years ago. 
24. Hayato People: ancient Hayato people of Japan >suggested to be Austronesian tribes in Japan before the Yayoi-migration as well as the Kumaso and Azumi tribes. 
25. James Cowles Prichard: treating the Papuans and Indigenous Australians as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. 
26. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach :added Austronesians as the fifth category to his 'varieties' of humans in the second edition of 'De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa' (1781). He named Austronesians the 'Malay Race' or the 'Brown Race' due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the 'Malay idom'.
27. Johann Reinhold Forster: German naturalist > traveled with James Cook on his second voyage,recognised the similarities of Polynesian languages to those of Island Southeast Asia. 
28. Juha Janhunen : a Finnish linguist > Austronesians may have also settled parts of southern Japan, especially on the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. It is suggested that Japanese tribes like the Hayato people, the Kumaso and the Azumi were of Austronesian origin. 
29. Kedukan Bukit Inscription: the oldest specimen of Malay in the world, found in Palembang. 
30. Lapita Culture: the name given to the Neolithic Austronesian people and their distinct material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 t0 500 BCE. Believed to be originated from the northern Philippines via Mariana Islands. 
31. List of Austronesian People  : The Austronesian People
32. Lorenzo Hervas: Spanish philologist - devoted a large of his idea dell'universo (1778-1787) to the establishment of a language family linking the Malay Peninsula, the Maldives, Madagascar, Indonesia (Sunda Islands and Moluccas), the Philippines and the Pacific Islands eastward to Easter Island. 
33. Major Austronesian languages: include Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan of the Philippines; Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, the Batak languages, Acehnese, Balinese, and Buginese of western Indonesia; and Malagasy of Madagascar. Each of these languages has more than one million speakers.
34. Malagasy: one of the official language of Madagascar, alongside French. Malagagy is the westernmost Austronesian language, brought to Madagascar with the settlement of Austronesian speakers from the Sunda Islands, around the 5th century AD. 
35. Malay: an Austronesian ethnic group native to eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo. The Malay language is spoken by 250 million people, makes its the 8th most spoken language in the world.
36. Malay Archipelago: the archipelago between mainland Indonesia and Australia. 
37. Malayo-Polynesian: a branch of Austronesian, means all Austronesian language outside of Taiwan. Malayo-Polynesian language is a sub-group of Austronesian language, with approximately 385.5 million speakers, spoken by the Austronesian people outside Taiwan,in the islands of Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei , Thailand and Philippines). In recent years, many authors have concluded that the Malayo-Polynesians originated from the present-day coastal area of eastern China (long before the rise of the Chinese Empire).
38. Maori Language: Maori te reo Maori > Eastern Polynesian subgroup of the Eastern Austronesian (Oceanic) languages, spoken in the Cook Islands and New Zealand.Since the Maori Language Act of 1987, it has been one fo the two official languages of New Zealand. 
39. Maritime Southeast Asia: comprises the countries of Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. 
40. Melanesia : a subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Tonga. 
41. Micronesia : a subregion of Oceania, composed of thousands of small islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and Melanesia to the south; as well as with the wider Austronesian peoples.
42. Moken: an Austronesian people of the Mergui Archipelago, a group of approximately 800 islands claimed by both Myanmar dan Thailand and the Surin Islands.
43. Monogenism : theory of human origins which posits a common descent for all human races. 
44. Negrito : several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated part of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. They are the first inhabitants in the Malay Peninsula dates back 40,000 years. 
45. Nusantarian Family: also called "Malayo-Polynesian" or Austrussian by Western Authors. Refer to Malayo-Polynesian (no.29) above. 
46. Oceania : a geographic region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia (eg: Australia & N.Zealand)
47. Otto Dempwolff (1871 - 1938): a German linguist and anthropologist, was the first linguist to research Austronesian languages in depth using comparative methods.
48. Out of New Guinea theory: (published in 1965) - The proto-Malays are believed to be seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography and possessing agricultural skills. They moved around from island to island in great distances between modern day New Zealand and Madagascar, and they served as navigation guides, crew and labour to Indian, Arab, Persian and Chinese traders for nearly 2000 years. Over the years they settled at various places and adopted various cultures and religions.
49. Out of Sundaland Theory: The "Out of Sundaland" theory proposes that a unique and advanced civilization existed on the now-submerged Sundaland continent during the last Ice Age, and that this civilization was the origin of many subsequent cultures, including the Austronesian peoples. This theory is considered a fringe theory, as the widely accepted model for human origin is the "Out of Africa" theory.
50. Out of Taiwan Theory: atttibuted to archaelogist Peter Bellwood and linguist Robert Blust > The "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis proposes that the Austronesian language family originated in Taiwan and subsequently spread to other islands in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. This theory is based on linguistic and archaeological evidence, suggesting a seaborne migration from Taiwan to these regions.
51. Out of Yunan Theory: not a recognized or common phrase. However, "Yunnan" refers to a province in China, and "Yunan" is also an older, often oriental, name for Greece or the Ionia region in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). The term "Yunan" is also associated with the theory about the origin of the Malay people, suggesting their ancestors migrated from Yunnan. The theory supported by R.H.Geldern, J.H.C.Kern, J.R.Foster, J.R.Logen, Slamet Muljana dan Asmah Hj Omar. 
52. Paleolithic : also called the Old Stone Age, a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the time period of human technological prehistory.
53. Perak Man: the name given to a remarkably complete prehistoric human skeleton discovered in Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia. Dating back 10,000 to 11,000 years, it is the oldest and most complete skeleton found in Southeast Asia from that period. The discovery, made in Gua Gunung Runtuh cave, has provided valuable insights into the lives of early humans in the region.
54. Peter Bellwood:contends that the ancestors of the Austronesian language family originated in Taiwan, with a subsequent expansion into Island Southeast Asia and beyond. 
55. Polygenism : theory of human origins which posits the view that the human races are of different origins (polygenesis). 
56. Polynesia : a subregion of Oceania, made up of 1,000 islands scattered over the southern Pacific Ocean. The largest country in Polynesia is New Zealand. 
57. Polynesian language: a subgroup of very closely related languages, originated in the area of Samoa as speakers of Austronesian languages spread into the islands of the South Pacific. 
58. Pre-Proto-Austronesian People: located in the coastal regions of Southeastern China, specifically Fujian, close to the homeland of Proto-Kra-Dai in Guangdong. They are associated with the Yangtzean civilisation. 
59. Proto-Austronesian: a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify c. 4000 BCE – c. 3500 BCE in Taiwan.
60. Sino-Austronesian languages: or Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian is a proposed language family suggested by Laurent Sagart in 1990. He argued that the Austronesian languages are related to the Sinitic languages phonologically, lecically and morphologically. 
61. Taiwan: birthplace of Austronesian languages, the Austronesian language family which originated in Taiwan, spans half the world from Madagascar to Easter Island. 
62. Tanjung Tanah Manuscript: the oldest Malay language manuscript in the world. 
63. Wilhelm Schmidt: the Austrian linguist and ethnologist coined the term 'Austronesian' from Latin auster 'South Wind' and Greek νῆσος, "island" to refer to language family. 
64. William Marsden : European explorers - he noted the connections between Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the Pacific Islands .

References:

1. FAQ about Austronesia

2. Lost Ancient Kingdom of the Cham. 

3. Kyoto Review of Southern Asia

4. Info Galactic: List of Austronesian Regions

5. Hj. Zulheimy Maamor - Note: The Austronesian People

6. Wikipedia - Austronesian People

Hj Zulheimy Maamor

Lembah Keramat, K.L

22 July 2025: 9.06 p.m